\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n
\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n
\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


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[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


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[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n
\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n
\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


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[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n
\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


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[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


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[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n
\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n
\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


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[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n
\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


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[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


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[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Endloser Sand. Wie in einem Albtraum. Eine Landschaft, in der kein Punkt unterschieden werden kann, um es mit Gedanken zu erfassen, keine richtige Richtung gibt. Es hei\u00dft Mauretanien und ist eines der \u00e4rmsten L\u00e4nder der Welt (157.), da hier fast zwei Drittel der Menschen von weniger als 5 US-Dollar pro Tag leben und noch nicht lesen und schreiben k\u00f6nnen[1]<\/a>. Man k\u00f6nnte denken, dass es eine Nation ist, die niemanden interessiert, deren Au\u00dfenpolitik sich darauf beschr\u00e4nkt, um Hilfe von reicheren L\u00e4ndern zu bitten und Konflikte zu vermeiden, die sowohl sozial als auch wirtschaftlich nicht \u00fcberlebbar w\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

IBI World Frankreich \u2013 9. Mai 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endloser Sand. Wie in einem Albtraum. Eine Landschaft, in der kein Punkt unterschieden werden kann, um es mit Gedanken zu erfassen, keine richtige Richtung gibt. Es hei\u00dft Mauretanien und ist eines der \u00e4rmsten L\u00e4nder der Welt (157.), da hier fast zwei Drittel der Menschen von weniger als 5 US-Dollar pro Tag leben und noch nicht lesen und schreiben k\u00f6nnen[1]<\/a>. Man k\u00f6nnte denken, dass es eine Nation ist, die niemanden interessiert, deren Au\u00dfenpolitik sich darauf beschr\u00e4nkt, um Hilfe von reicheren L\u00e4ndern zu bitten und Konflikte zu vermeiden, die sowohl sozial als auch wirtschaftlich nicht \u00fcberlebbar w\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

Wie selbst die mauretanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IBI World Frankreich \u2013 9. Mai 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endloser Sand. Wie in einem Albtraum. Eine Landschaft, in der kein Punkt unterschieden werden kann, um es mit Gedanken zu erfassen, keine richtige Richtung gibt. Es hei\u00dft Mauretanien und ist eines der \u00e4rmsten L\u00e4nder der Welt (157.), da hier fast zwei Drittel der Menschen von weniger als 5 US-Dollar pro Tag leben und noch nicht lesen und schreiben k\u00f6nnen[1]<\/a>. Man k\u00f6nnte denken, dass es eine Nation ist, die niemanden interessiert, deren Au\u00dfenpolitik sich darauf beschr\u00e4nkt, um Hilfe von reicheren L\u00e4ndern zu bitten und Konflikte zu vermeiden, die sowohl sozial als auch wirtschaftlich nicht \u00fcberlebbar w\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


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[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wie selbst die mauretanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IBI World Frankreich \u2013 9. Mai 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endloser Sand. Wie in einem Albtraum. Eine Landschaft, in der kein Punkt unterschieden werden kann, um es mit Gedanken zu erfassen, keine richtige Richtung gibt. Es hei\u00dft Mauretanien und ist eines der \u00e4rmsten L\u00e4nder der Welt (157.), da hier fast zwei Drittel der Menschen von weniger als 5 US-Dollar pro Tag leben und noch nicht lesen und schreiben k\u00f6nnen[1]<\/a>. Man k\u00f6nnte denken, dass es eine Nation ist, die niemanden interessiert, deren Au\u00dfenpolitik sich darauf beschr\u00e4nkt, um Hilfe von reicheren L\u00e4ndern zu bitten und Konflikte zu vermeiden, die sowohl sozial als auch wirtschaftlich nicht \u00fcberlebbar w\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

Independent Special Rapporteurs, are appointed by the UN Human Rights Council<\/a> to monitor specific countries or thematic issues.\u202f They serve in their individual capacity and are not UN staff, nor are they paid by the Organization.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ceasefire can\u2019t hide scale of destruction in Gaza, UN warns, as rights experts call for ICC probe","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ceasefire-cant-hide-scale-of-destruction-in-gaza-un-warns-as-rights-experts-call-for-icc-probe","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5276","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5264,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wie selbst die mauretanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IBI World Frankreich \u2013 9. Mai 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endloser Sand. Wie in einem Albtraum. Eine Landschaft, in der kein Punkt unterschieden werden kann, um es mit Gedanken zu erfassen, keine richtige Richtung gibt. Es hei\u00dft Mauretanien und ist eines der \u00e4rmsten L\u00e4nder der Welt (157.), da hier fast zwei Drittel der Menschen von weniger als 5 US-Dollar pro Tag leben und noch nicht lesen und schreiben k\u00f6nnen[1]<\/a>. Man k\u00f6nnte denken, dass es eine Nation ist, die niemanden interessiert, deren Au\u00dfenpolitik sich darauf beschr\u00e4nkt, um Hilfe von reicheren L\u00e4ndern zu bitten und Konflikte zu vermeiden, die sowohl sozial als auch wirtschaftlich nicht \u00fcberlebbar w\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

The experts said that all \u201cindiscriminate or deliberate bombardment of civilians and towers housing civilians, media organizations and refugee camps in Gaza and Israel are war crimes that are, prima facie, not justified by the requirements of proportionality and necessity under international law. All parties who engage in such attacks must bear individual and State responsibility as appropriate.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Independent Special Rapporteurs, are appointed by the UN Human Rights Council<\/a> to monitor specific countries or thematic issues.\u202f They serve in their individual capacity and are not UN staff, nor are they paid by the Organization.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ceasefire can\u2019t hide scale of destruction in Gaza, UN warns, as rights experts call for ICC probe","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ceasefire-cant-hide-scale-of-destruction-in-gaza-un-warns-as-rights-experts-call-for-icc-probe","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5276","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5264,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wie selbst die mauretanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IBI World Frankreich \u2013 9. Mai 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endloser Sand. Wie in einem Albtraum. Eine Landschaft, in der kein Punkt unterschieden werden kann, um es mit Gedanken zu erfassen, keine richtige Richtung gibt. Es hei\u00dft Mauretanien und ist eines der \u00e4rmsten L\u00e4nder der Welt (157.), da hier fast zwei Drittel der Menschen von weniger als 5 US-Dollar pro Tag leben und noch nicht lesen und schreiben k\u00f6nnen[1]<\/a>. Man k\u00f6nnte denken, dass es eine Nation ist, die niemanden interessiert, deren Au\u00dfenpolitik sich darauf beschr\u00e4nkt, um Hilfe von reicheren L\u00e4ndern zu bitten und Konflikte zu vermeiden, die sowohl sozial als auch wirtschaftlich nicht \u00fcberlebbar w\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

\u201cThe conflict has led to a new wave of unprecedented mass destruction of civilian homes and infrastructure, including electrical grids in Gaza, and indiscriminate or deliberate missile attacks on civilians and residential areas in Israel and Gaza, that violate not only international human rights standards, but amount as well to crimes under international law for which there is individual and State responsibility\u201d, the experts continued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts said that all \u201cindiscriminate or deliberate bombardment of civilians and towers housing civilians, media organizations and refugee camps in Gaza and Israel are war crimes that are, prima facie, not justified by the requirements of proportionality and necessity under international law. All parties who engage in such attacks must bear individual and State responsibility as appropriate.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Independent Special Rapporteurs, are appointed by the UN Human Rights Council<\/a> to monitor specific countries or thematic issues.\u202f They serve in their individual capacity and are not UN staff, nor are they paid by the Organization.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ceasefire can\u2019t hide scale of destruction in Gaza, UN warns, as rights experts call for ICC probe","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ceasefire-cant-hide-scale-of-destruction-in-gaza-un-warns-as-rights-experts-call-for-icc-probe","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5276","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5264,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wie selbst die mauretanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IBI World Frankreich \u2013 9. Mai 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endloser Sand. Wie in einem Albtraum. Eine Landschaft, in der kein Punkt unterschieden werden kann, um es mit Gedanken zu erfassen, keine richtige Richtung gibt. Es hei\u00dft Mauretanien und ist eines der \u00e4rmsten L\u00e4nder der Welt (157.), da hier fast zwei Drittel der Menschen von weniger als 5 US-Dollar pro Tag leben und noch nicht lesen und schreiben k\u00f6nnen[1]<\/a>. Man k\u00f6nnte denken, dass es eine Nation ist, die niemanden interessiert, deren Au\u00dfenpolitik sich darauf beschr\u00e4nkt, um Hilfe von reicheren L\u00e4ndern zu bitten und Konflikte zu vermeiden, die sowohl sozial als auch wirtschaftlich nicht \u00fcberlebbar w\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

\u201cOwing to the vast asymmetry of power, the victims of this conflict are disproportionately Palestinians in Gaza, of whom over 74,000 have been forcibly displaced and made homeless, mostly women and children\u201d, the experts said. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe conflict has led to a new wave of unprecedented mass destruction of civilian homes and infrastructure, including electrical grids in Gaza, and indiscriminate or deliberate missile attacks on civilians and residential areas in Israel and Gaza, that violate not only international human rights standards, but amount as well to crimes under international law for which there is individual and State responsibility\u201d, the experts continued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts said that all \u201cindiscriminate or deliberate bombardment of civilians and towers housing civilians, media organizations and refugee camps in Gaza and Israel are war crimes that are, prima facie, not justified by the requirements of proportionality and necessity under international law. All parties who engage in such attacks must bear individual and State responsibility as appropriate.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Independent Special Rapporteurs, are appointed by the UN Human Rights Council<\/a> to monitor specific countries or thematic issues.\u202f They serve in their individual capacity and are not UN staff, nor are they paid by the Organization.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ceasefire can\u2019t hide scale of destruction in Gaza, UN warns, as rights experts call for ICC probe","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ceasefire-cant-hide-scale-of-destruction-in-gaza-un-warns-as-rights-experts-call-for-icc-probe","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5276","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5264,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wie selbst die mauretanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IBI World Frankreich \u2013 9. Mai 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endloser Sand. Wie in einem Albtraum. Eine Landschaft, in der kein Punkt unterschieden werden kann, um es mit Gedanken zu erfassen, keine richtige Richtung gibt. Es hei\u00dft Mauretanien und ist eines der \u00e4rmsten L\u00e4nder der Welt (157.), da hier fast zwei Drittel der Menschen von weniger als 5 US-Dollar pro Tag leben und noch nicht lesen und schreiben k\u00f6nnen[1]<\/a>. Man k\u00f6nnte denken, dass es eine Nation ist, die niemanden interessiert, deren Au\u00dfenpolitik sich darauf beschr\u00e4nkt, um Hilfe von reicheren L\u00e4ndern zu bitten und Konflikte zu vermeiden, die sowohl sozial als auch wirtschaftlich nicht \u00fcberlebbar w\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

\u2018Asymmetry of power\u2019<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOwing to the vast asymmetry of power, the victims of this conflict are disproportionately Palestinians in Gaza, of whom over 74,000 have been forcibly displaced and made homeless, mostly women and children\u201d, the experts said. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe conflict has led to a new wave of unprecedented mass destruction of civilian homes and infrastructure, including electrical grids in Gaza, and indiscriminate or deliberate missile attacks on civilians and residential areas in Israel and Gaza, that violate not only international human rights standards, but amount as well to crimes under international law for which there is individual and State responsibility\u201d, the experts continued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts said that all \u201cindiscriminate or deliberate bombardment of civilians and towers housing civilians, media organizations and refugee camps in Gaza and Israel are war crimes that are, prima facie, not justified by the requirements of proportionality and necessity under international law. All parties who engage in such attacks must bear individual and State responsibility as appropriate.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Independent Special Rapporteurs, are appointed by the UN Human Rights Council<\/a> to monitor specific countries or thematic issues.\u202f They serve in their individual capacity and are not UN staff, nor are they paid by the Organization.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ceasefire can\u2019t hide scale of destruction in Gaza, UN warns, as rights experts call for ICC probe","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ceasefire-cant-hide-scale-of-destruction-in-gaza-un-warns-as-rights-experts-call-for-icc-probe","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5276","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5264,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wie selbst die mauretanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IBI World Frankreich \u2013 9. Mai 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endloser Sand. Wie in einem Albtraum. Eine Landschaft, in der kein Punkt unterschieden werden kann, um es mit Gedanken zu erfassen, keine richtige Richtung gibt. Es hei\u00dft Mauretanien und ist eines der \u00e4rmsten L\u00e4nder der Welt (157.), da hier fast zwei Drittel der Menschen von weniger als 5 US-Dollar pro Tag leben und noch nicht lesen und schreiben k\u00f6nnen[1]<\/a>. Man k\u00f6nnte denken, dass es eine Nation ist, die niemanden interessiert, deren Au\u00dfenpolitik sich darauf beschr\u00e4nkt, um Hilfe von reicheren L\u00e4ndern zu bitten und Konflikte zu vermeiden, die sowohl sozial als auch wirtschaftlich nicht \u00fcberlebbar w\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


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[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

More than 450 buildings in the Gaza Strip were completely destroyed or damaged by missiles, the statement continued. Among them were six hospitals, nine healthcare centres and a water desalination plant, supplying around 250,000 Palestinians with clean drinking water, as well as a tower which housed media outlets including the Al Jazeera network, and Associated Press (AP). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Asymmetry of power\u2019<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOwing to the vast asymmetry of power, the victims of this conflict are disproportionately Palestinians in Gaza, of whom over 74,000 have been forcibly displaced and made homeless, mostly women and children\u201d, the experts said. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe conflict has led to a new wave of unprecedented mass destruction of civilian homes and infrastructure, including electrical grids in Gaza, and indiscriminate or deliberate missile attacks on civilians and residential areas in Israel and Gaza, that violate not only international human rights standards, but amount as well to crimes under international law for which there is individual and State responsibility\u201d, the experts continued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts said that all \u201cindiscriminate or deliberate bombardment of civilians and towers housing civilians, media organizations and refugee camps in Gaza and Israel are war crimes that are, prima facie, not justified by the requirements of proportionality and necessity under international law. All parties who engage in such attacks must bear individual and State responsibility as appropriate.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Independent Special Rapporteurs, are appointed by the UN Human Rights Council<\/a> to monitor specific countries or thematic issues.\u202f They serve in their individual capacity and are not UN staff, nor are they paid by the Organization.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ceasefire can\u2019t hide scale of destruction in Gaza, UN warns, as rights experts call for ICC probe","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ceasefire-cant-hide-scale-of-destruction-in-gaza-un-warns-as-rights-experts-call-for-icc-probe","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5276","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5264,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wie selbst die mauretanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IBI World Frankreich \u2013 9. Mai 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endloser Sand. Wie in einem Albtraum. Eine Landschaft, in der kein Punkt unterschieden werden kann, um es mit Gedanken zu erfassen, keine richtige Richtung gibt. Es hei\u00dft Mauretanien und ist eines der \u00e4rmsten L\u00e4nder der Welt (157.), da hier fast zwei Drittel der Menschen von weniger als 5 US-Dollar pro Tag leben und noch nicht lesen und schreiben k\u00f6nnen[1]<\/a>. Man k\u00f6nnte denken, dass es eine Nation ist, die niemanden interessiert, deren Au\u00dfenpolitik sich darauf beschr\u00e4nkt, um Hilfe von reicheren L\u00e4ndern zu bitten und Konflikte zu vermeiden, die sowohl sozial als auch wirtschaftlich nicht \u00fcberlebbar w\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


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[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

They said that at least 222 people, including 63 children, were killed in Gaza and 12 people died in Israel as a result of the fighting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More than 450 buildings in the Gaza Strip were completely destroyed or damaged by missiles, the statement continued. Among them were six hospitals, nine healthcare centres and a water desalination plant, supplying around 250,000 Palestinians with clean drinking water, as well as a tower which housed media outlets including the Al Jazeera network, and Associated Press (AP). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Asymmetry of power\u2019<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOwing to the vast asymmetry of power, the victims of this conflict are disproportionately Palestinians in Gaza, of whom over 74,000 have been forcibly displaced and made homeless, mostly women and children\u201d, the experts said. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe conflict has led to a new wave of unprecedented mass destruction of civilian homes and infrastructure, including electrical grids in Gaza, and indiscriminate or deliberate missile attacks on civilians and residential areas in Israel and Gaza, that violate not only international human rights standards, but amount as well to crimes under international law for which there is individual and State responsibility\u201d, the experts continued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts said that all \u201cindiscriminate or deliberate bombardment of civilians and towers housing civilians, media organizations and refugee camps in Gaza and Israel are war crimes that are, prima facie, not justified by the requirements of proportionality and necessity under international law. All parties who engage in such attacks must bear individual and State responsibility as appropriate.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Independent Special Rapporteurs, are appointed by the UN Human Rights Council<\/a> to monitor specific countries or thematic issues.\u202f They serve in their individual capacity and are not UN staff, nor are they paid by the Organization.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ceasefire can\u2019t hide scale of destruction in Gaza, UN warns, as rights experts call for ICC probe","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ceasefire-cant-hide-scale-of-destruction-in-gaza-un-warns-as-rights-experts-call-for-icc-probe","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5276","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5264,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wie selbst die mauretanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IBI World Frankreich \u2013 9. Mai 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endloser Sand. Wie in einem Albtraum. Eine Landschaft, in der kein Punkt unterschieden werden kann, um es mit Gedanken zu erfassen, keine richtige Richtung gibt. Es hei\u00dft Mauretanien und ist eines der \u00e4rmsten L\u00e4nder der Welt (157.), da hier fast zwei Drittel der Menschen von weniger als 5 US-Dollar pro Tag leben und noch nicht lesen und schreiben k\u00f6nnen[1]<\/a>. Man k\u00f6nnte denken, dass es eine Nation ist, die niemanden interessiert, deren Au\u00dfenpolitik sich darauf beschr\u00e4nkt, um Hilfe von reicheren L\u00e4ndern zu bitten und Konflikte zu vermeiden, die sowohl sozial als auch wirtschaftlich nicht \u00fcberlebbar w\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

The experts pointed to the forced evictions of Palestinian families living in Sheikh Jarrah and Silwan, in Occupied East Jerusalem, as the spark that set off a full-blown war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They said that at least 222 people, including 63 children, were killed in Gaza and 12 people died in Israel as a result of the fighting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More than 450 buildings in the Gaza Strip were completely destroyed or damaged by missiles, the statement continued. Among them were six hospitals, nine healthcare centres and a water desalination plant, supplying around 250,000 Palestinians with clean drinking water, as well as a tower which housed media outlets including the Al Jazeera network, and Associated Press (AP). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Asymmetry of power\u2019<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOwing to the vast asymmetry of power, the victims of this conflict are disproportionately Palestinians in Gaza, of whom over 74,000 have been forcibly displaced and made homeless, mostly women and children\u201d, the experts said. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe conflict has led to a new wave of unprecedented mass destruction of civilian homes and infrastructure, including electrical grids in Gaza, and indiscriminate or deliberate missile attacks on civilians and residential areas in Israel and Gaza, that violate not only international human rights standards, but amount as well to crimes under international law for which there is individual and State responsibility\u201d, the experts continued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts said that all \u201cindiscriminate or deliberate bombardment of civilians and towers housing civilians, media organizations and refugee camps in Gaza and Israel are war crimes that are, prima facie, not justified by the requirements of proportionality and necessity under international law. All parties who engage in such attacks must bear individual and State responsibility as appropriate.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Independent Special Rapporteurs, are appointed by the UN Human Rights Council<\/a> to monitor specific countries or thematic issues.\u202f They serve in their individual capacity and are not UN staff, nor are they paid by the Organization.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ceasefire can\u2019t hide scale of destruction in Gaza, UN warns, as rights experts call for ICC probe","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ceasefire-cant-hide-scale-of-destruction-in-gaza-un-warns-as-rights-experts-call-for-icc-probe","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5276","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5264,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wie selbst die mauretanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IBI World Frankreich \u2013 9. Mai 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endloser Sand. Wie in einem Albtraum. Eine Landschaft, in der kein Punkt unterschieden werden kann, um es mit Gedanken zu erfassen, keine richtige Richtung gibt. Es hei\u00dft Mauretanien und ist eines der \u00e4rmsten L\u00e4nder der Welt (157.), da hier fast zwei Drittel der Menschen von weniger als 5 US-Dollar pro Tag leben und noch nicht lesen und schreiben k\u00f6nnen[1]<\/a>. Man k\u00f6nnte denken, dass es eine Nation ist, die niemanden interessiert, deren Au\u00dfenpolitik sich darauf beschr\u00e4nkt, um Hilfe von reicheren L\u00e4ndern zu bitten und Konflikte zu vermeiden, die sowohl sozial als auch wirtschaftlich nicht \u00fcberlebbar w\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

UN independent human rights experts on Friday called on all parties<\/a> to the conflict in Gaza and Israel to respect the ceasefire, and urged an investigation by the International Criminal Court<\/a> (ICC) into the attacks on civilian populations and other \u201cgross violations of human rights\u201d, according to a statement released through the UN rights office (OHCHR<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts pointed to the forced evictions of Palestinian families living in Sheikh Jarrah and Silwan, in Occupied East Jerusalem, as the spark that set off a full-blown war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They said that at least 222 people, including 63 children, were killed in Gaza and 12 people died in Israel as a result of the fighting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More than 450 buildings in the Gaza Strip were completely destroyed or damaged by missiles, the statement continued. Among them were six hospitals, nine healthcare centres and a water desalination plant, supplying around 250,000 Palestinians with clean drinking water, as well as a tower which housed media outlets including the Al Jazeera network, and Associated Press (AP). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Asymmetry of power\u2019<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOwing to the vast asymmetry of power, the victims of this conflict are disproportionately Palestinians in Gaza, of whom over 74,000 have been forcibly displaced and made homeless, mostly women and children\u201d, the experts said. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe conflict has led to a new wave of unprecedented mass destruction of civilian homes and infrastructure, including electrical grids in Gaza, and indiscriminate or deliberate missile attacks on civilians and residential areas in Israel and Gaza, that violate not only international human rights standards, but amount as well to crimes under international law for which there is individual and State responsibility\u201d, the experts continued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts said that all \u201cindiscriminate or deliberate bombardment of civilians and towers housing civilians, media organizations and refugee camps in Gaza and Israel are war crimes that are, prima facie, not justified by the requirements of proportionality and necessity under international law. All parties who engage in such attacks must bear individual and State responsibility as appropriate.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Independent Special Rapporteurs, are appointed by the UN Human Rights Council<\/a> to monitor specific countries or thematic issues.\u202f They serve in their individual capacity and are not UN staff, nor are they paid by the Organization.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ceasefire can\u2019t hide scale of destruction in Gaza, UN warns, as rights experts call for ICC probe","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ceasefire-cant-hide-scale-of-destruction-in-gaza-un-warns-as-rights-experts-call-for-icc-probe","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5276","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5264,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wie selbst die mauretanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IBI World Frankreich \u2013 9. Mai 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endloser Sand. Wie in einem Albtraum. Eine Landschaft, in der kein Punkt unterschieden werden kann, um es mit Gedanken zu erfassen, keine richtige Richtung gibt. Es hei\u00dft Mauretanien und ist eines der \u00e4rmsten L\u00e4nder der Welt (157.), da hier fast zwei Drittel der Menschen von weniger als 5 US-Dollar pro Tag leben und noch nicht lesen und schreiben k\u00f6nnen[1]<\/a>. Man k\u00f6nnte denken, dass es eine Nation ist, die niemanden interessiert, deren Au\u00dfenpolitik sich darauf beschr\u00e4nkt, um Hilfe von reicheren L\u00e4ndern zu bitten und Konflikte zu vermeiden, die sowohl sozial als auch wirtschaftlich nicht \u00fcberlebbar w\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

UN rights experts call for ICC probe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

UN independent human rights experts on Friday called on all parties<\/a> to the conflict in Gaza and Israel to respect the ceasefire, and urged an investigation by the International Criminal Court<\/a> (ICC) into the attacks on civilian populations and other \u201cgross violations of human rights\u201d, according to a statement released through the UN rights office (OHCHR<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts pointed to the forced evictions of Palestinian families living in Sheikh Jarrah and Silwan, in Occupied East Jerusalem, as the spark that set off a full-blown war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They said that at least 222 people, including 63 children, were killed in Gaza and 12 people died in Israel as a result of the fighting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More than 450 buildings in the Gaza Strip were completely destroyed or damaged by missiles, the statement continued. Among them were six hospitals, nine healthcare centres and a water desalination plant, supplying around 250,000 Palestinians with clean drinking water, as well as a tower which housed media outlets including the Al Jazeera network, and Associated Press (AP). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Asymmetry of power\u2019<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOwing to the vast asymmetry of power, the victims of this conflict are disproportionately Palestinians in Gaza, of whom over 74,000 have been forcibly displaced and made homeless, mostly women and children\u201d, the experts said. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe conflict has led to a new wave of unprecedented mass destruction of civilian homes and infrastructure, including electrical grids in Gaza, and indiscriminate or deliberate missile attacks on civilians and residential areas in Israel and Gaza, that violate not only international human rights standards, but amount as well to crimes under international law for which there is individual and State responsibility\u201d, the experts continued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts said that all \u201cindiscriminate or deliberate bombardment of civilians and towers housing civilians, media organizations and refugee camps in Gaza and Israel are war crimes that are, prima facie, not justified by the requirements of proportionality and necessity under international law. All parties who engage in such attacks must bear individual and State responsibility as appropriate.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Independent Special Rapporteurs, are appointed by the UN Human Rights Council<\/a> to monitor specific countries or thematic issues.\u202f They serve in their individual capacity and are not UN staff, nor are they paid by the Organization.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ceasefire can\u2019t hide scale of destruction in Gaza, UN warns, as rights experts call for ICC probe","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ceasefire-cant-hide-scale-of-destruction-in-gaza-un-warns-as-rights-experts-call-for-icc-probe","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5276","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5264,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wie selbst die mauretanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IBI World Frankreich \u2013 9. Mai 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endloser Sand. Wie in einem Albtraum. Eine Landschaft, in der kein Punkt unterschieden werden kann, um es mit Gedanken zu erfassen, keine richtige Richtung gibt. Es hei\u00dft Mauretanien und ist eines der \u00e4rmsten L\u00e4nder der Welt (157.), da hier fast zwei Drittel der Menschen von weniger als 5 US-Dollar pro Tag leben und noch nicht lesen und schreiben k\u00f6nnen[1]<\/a>. Man k\u00f6nnte denken, dass es eine Nation ist, die niemanden interessiert, deren Au\u00dfenpolitik sich darauf beschr\u00e4nkt, um Hilfe von reicheren L\u00e4ndern zu bitten und Konflikte zu vermeiden, die sowohl sozial als auch wirtschaftlich nicht \u00fcberlebbar w\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

\u201cWe are extremely thankful that a ceasefire agreement in the Gaza strip came into effect at 2am this morning, because the human toll there has been huge\u201d, said Lucia Elmi<\/a>, UNICEF Special Representative in Palestine. \u201cThis will allow families to have much-needed respite and allow for the delivery of much-needed humanitarian assistance and personnel to the Gaza Strip\u201d, she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

UN rights experts call for ICC probe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

UN independent human rights experts on Friday called on all parties<\/a> to the conflict in Gaza and Israel to respect the ceasefire, and urged an investigation by the International Criminal Court<\/a> (ICC) into the attacks on civilian populations and other \u201cgross violations of human rights\u201d, according to a statement released through the UN rights office (OHCHR<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts pointed to the forced evictions of Palestinian families living in Sheikh Jarrah and Silwan, in Occupied East Jerusalem, as the spark that set off a full-blown war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They said that at least 222 people, including 63 children, were killed in Gaza and 12 people died in Israel as a result of the fighting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More than 450 buildings in the Gaza Strip were completely destroyed or damaged by missiles, the statement continued. Among them were six hospitals, nine healthcare centres and a water desalination plant, supplying around 250,000 Palestinians with clean drinking water, as well as a tower which housed media outlets including the Al Jazeera network, and Associated Press (AP). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Asymmetry of power\u2019<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOwing to the vast asymmetry of power, the victims of this conflict are disproportionately Palestinians in Gaza, of whom over 74,000 have been forcibly displaced and made homeless, mostly women and children\u201d, the experts said. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe conflict has led to a new wave of unprecedented mass destruction of civilian homes and infrastructure, including electrical grids in Gaza, and indiscriminate or deliberate missile attacks on civilians and residential areas in Israel and Gaza, that violate not only international human rights standards, but amount as well to crimes under international law for which there is individual and State responsibility\u201d, the experts continued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts said that all \u201cindiscriminate or deliberate bombardment of civilians and towers housing civilians, media organizations and refugee camps in Gaza and Israel are war crimes that are, prima facie, not justified by the requirements of proportionality and necessity under international law. All parties who engage in such attacks must bear individual and State responsibility as appropriate.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Independent Special Rapporteurs, are appointed by the UN Human Rights Council<\/a> to monitor specific countries or thematic issues.\u202f They serve in their individual capacity and are not UN staff, nor are they paid by the Organization.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ceasefire can\u2019t hide scale of destruction in Gaza, UN warns, as rights experts call for ICC probe","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ceasefire-cant-hide-scale-of-destruction-in-gaza-un-warns-as-rights-experts-call-for-icc-probe","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5276","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5264,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wie selbst die mauretanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IBI World Frankreich \u2013 9. Mai 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endloser Sand. Wie in einem Albtraum. Eine Landschaft, in der kein Punkt unterschieden werden kann, um es mit Gedanken zu erfassen, keine richtige Richtung gibt. Es hei\u00dft Mauretanien und ist eines der \u00e4rmsten L\u00e4nder der Welt (157.), da hier fast zwei Drittel der Menschen von weniger als 5 US-Dollar pro Tag leben und noch nicht lesen und schreiben k\u00f6nnen[1]<\/a>. Man k\u00f6nnte denken, dass es eine Nation ist, die niemanden interessiert, deren Au\u00dfenpolitik sich darauf beschr\u00e4nkt, um Hilfe von reicheren L\u00e4ndern zu bitten und Konflikte zu vermeiden, die sowohl sozial als auch wirtschaftlich nicht \u00fcberlebbar w\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

Among the items delivered were first-aid kits, blood supply bags and solution, fire extinguishers, antibiotics and other infection-control kits, together with 10,000 doses of the Sinopharm\u00a0COVID-19<\/a>\u00a0vaccine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe are extremely thankful that a ceasefire agreement in the Gaza strip came into effect at 2am this morning, because the human toll there has been huge\u201d, said Lucia Elmi<\/a>, UNICEF Special Representative in Palestine. \u201cThis will allow families to have much-needed respite and allow for the delivery of much-needed humanitarian assistance and personnel to the Gaza Strip\u201d, she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

UN rights experts call for ICC probe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

UN independent human rights experts on Friday called on all parties<\/a> to the conflict in Gaza and Israel to respect the ceasefire, and urged an investigation by the International Criminal Court<\/a> (ICC) into the attacks on civilian populations and other \u201cgross violations of human rights\u201d, according to a statement released through the UN rights office (OHCHR<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts pointed to the forced evictions of Palestinian families living in Sheikh Jarrah and Silwan, in Occupied East Jerusalem, as the spark that set off a full-blown war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They said that at least 222 people, including 63 children, were killed in Gaza and 12 people died in Israel as a result of the fighting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More than 450 buildings in the Gaza Strip were completely destroyed or damaged by missiles, the statement continued. Among them were six hospitals, nine healthcare centres and a water desalination plant, supplying around 250,000 Palestinians with clean drinking water, as well as a tower which housed media outlets including the Al Jazeera network, and Associated Press (AP). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Asymmetry of power\u2019<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOwing to the vast asymmetry of power, the victims of this conflict are disproportionately Palestinians in Gaza, of whom over 74,000 have been forcibly displaced and made homeless, mostly women and children\u201d, the experts said. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe conflict has led to a new wave of unprecedented mass destruction of civilian homes and infrastructure, including electrical grids in Gaza, and indiscriminate or deliberate missile attacks on civilians and residential areas in Israel and Gaza, that violate not only international human rights standards, but amount as well to crimes under international law for which there is individual and State responsibility\u201d, the experts continued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts said that all \u201cindiscriminate or deliberate bombardment of civilians and towers housing civilians, media organizations and refugee camps in Gaza and Israel are war crimes that are, prima facie, not justified by the requirements of proportionality and necessity under international law. All parties who engage in such attacks must bear individual and State responsibility as appropriate.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Independent Special Rapporteurs, are appointed by the UN Human Rights Council<\/a> to monitor specific countries or thematic issues.\u202f They serve in their individual capacity and are not UN staff, nor are they paid by the Organization.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ceasefire can\u2019t hide scale of destruction in Gaza, UN warns, as rights experts call for ICC probe","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ceasefire-cant-hide-scale-of-destruction-in-gaza-un-warns-as-rights-experts-call-for-icc-probe","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5276","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5264,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wie selbst die mauretanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IBI World Frankreich \u2013 9. Mai 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endloser Sand. Wie in einem Albtraum. Eine Landschaft, in der kein Punkt unterschieden werden kann, um es mit Gedanken zu erfassen, keine richtige Richtung gibt. Es hei\u00dft Mauretanien und ist eines der \u00e4rmsten L\u00e4nder der Welt (157.), da hier fast zwei Drittel der Menschen von weniger als 5 US-Dollar pro Tag leben und noch nicht lesen und schreiben k\u00f6nnen[1]<\/a>. Man k\u00f6nnte denken, dass es eine Nation ist, die niemanden interessiert, deren Au\u00dfenpolitik sich darauf beschr\u00e4nkt, um Hilfe von reicheren L\u00e4ndern zu bitten und Konflikte zu vermeiden, die sowohl sozial als auch wirtschaftlich nicht \u00fcberlebbar w\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

The UN Children\u2019s Fund, UNICEF<\/a>, delivered 18 containers of aid on Friday following the resumption of relative calm in the Gaza Strip, through the Kerem Shalom crossing, to support children and families in need.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Among the items delivered were first-aid kits, blood supply bags and solution, fire extinguishers, antibiotics and other infection-control kits, together with 10,000 doses of the Sinopharm\u00a0COVID-19<\/a>\u00a0vaccine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe are extremely thankful that a ceasefire agreement in the Gaza strip came into effect at 2am this morning, because the human toll there has been huge\u201d, said Lucia Elmi<\/a>, UNICEF Special Representative in Palestine. \u201cThis will allow families to have much-needed respite and allow for the delivery of much-needed humanitarian assistance and personnel to the Gaza Strip\u201d, she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

UN rights experts call for ICC probe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

UN independent human rights experts on Friday called on all parties<\/a> to the conflict in Gaza and Israel to respect the ceasefire, and urged an investigation by the International Criminal Court<\/a> (ICC) into the attacks on civilian populations and other \u201cgross violations of human rights\u201d, according to a statement released through the UN rights office (OHCHR<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts pointed to the forced evictions of Palestinian families living in Sheikh Jarrah and Silwan, in Occupied East Jerusalem, as the spark that set off a full-blown war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They said that at least 222 people, including 63 children, were killed in Gaza and 12 people died in Israel as a result of the fighting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More than 450 buildings in the Gaza Strip were completely destroyed or damaged by missiles, the statement continued. Among them were six hospitals, nine healthcare centres and a water desalination plant, supplying around 250,000 Palestinians with clean drinking water, as well as a tower which housed media outlets including the Al Jazeera network, and Associated Press (AP). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Asymmetry of power\u2019<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOwing to the vast asymmetry of power, the victims of this conflict are disproportionately Palestinians in Gaza, of whom over 74,000 have been forcibly displaced and made homeless, mostly women and children\u201d, the experts said. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe conflict has led to a new wave of unprecedented mass destruction of civilian homes and infrastructure, including electrical grids in Gaza, and indiscriminate or deliberate missile attacks on civilians and residential areas in Israel and Gaza, that violate not only international human rights standards, but amount as well to crimes under international law for which there is individual and State responsibility\u201d, the experts continued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts said that all \u201cindiscriminate or deliberate bombardment of civilians and towers housing civilians, media organizations and refugee camps in Gaza and Israel are war crimes that are, prima facie, not justified by the requirements of proportionality and necessity under international law. All parties who engage in such attacks must bear individual and State responsibility as appropriate.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Independent Special Rapporteurs, are appointed by the UN Human Rights Council<\/a> to monitor specific countries or thematic issues.\u202f They serve in their individual capacity and are not UN staff, nor are they paid by the Organization.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ceasefire can\u2019t hide scale of destruction in Gaza, UN warns, as rights experts call for ICC probe","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ceasefire-cant-hide-scale-of-destruction-in-gaza-un-warns-as-rights-experts-call-for-icc-probe","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5276","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5264,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wie selbst die mauretanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IBI World Frankreich \u2013 9. Mai 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endloser Sand. Wie in einem Albtraum. Eine Landschaft, in der kein Punkt unterschieden werden kann, um es mit Gedanken zu erfassen, keine richtige Richtung gibt. Es hei\u00dft Mauretanien und ist eines der \u00e4rmsten L\u00e4nder der Welt (157.), da hier fast zwei Drittel der Menschen von weniger als 5 US-Dollar pro Tag leben und noch nicht lesen und schreiben k\u00f6nnen[1]<\/a>. Man k\u00f6nnte denken, dass es eine Nation ist, die niemanden interessiert, deren Au\u00dfenpolitik sich darauf beschr\u00e4nkt, um Hilfe von reicheren L\u00e4ndern zu bitten und Konflikte zu vermeiden, die sowohl sozial als auch wirtschaftlich nicht \u00fcberlebbar w\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

UNICEF delivers aid containers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The UN Children\u2019s Fund, UNICEF<\/a>, delivered 18 containers of aid on Friday following the resumption of relative calm in the Gaza Strip, through the Kerem Shalom crossing, to support children and families in need.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Among the items delivered were first-aid kits, blood supply bags and solution, fire extinguishers, antibiotics and other infection-control kits, together with 10,000 doses of the Sinopharm\u00a0COVID-19<\/a>\u00a0vaccine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe are extremely thankful that a ceasefire agreement in the Gaza strip came into effect at 2am this morning, because the human toll there has been huge\u201d, said Lucia Elmi<\/a>, UNICEF Special Representative in Palestine. \u201cThis will allow families to have much-needed respite and allow for the delivery of much-needed humanitarian assistance and personnel to the Gaza Strip\u201d, she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

UN rights experts call for ICC probe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

UN independent human rights experts on Friday called on all parties<\/a> to the conflict in Gaza and Israel to respect the ceasefire, and urged an investigation by the International Criminal Court<\/a> (ICC) into the attacks on civilian populations and other \u201cgross violations of human rights\u201d, according to a statement released through the UN rights office (OHCHR<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts pointed to the forced evictions of Palestinian families living in Sheikh Jarrah and Silwan, in Occupied East Jerusalem, as the spark that set off a full-blown war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They said that at least 222 people, including 63 children, were killed in Gaza and 12 people died in Israel as a result of the fighting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More than 450 buildings in the Gaza Strip were completely destroyed or damaged by missiles, the statement continued. Among them were six hospitals, nine healthcare centres and a water desalination plant, supplying around 250,000 Palestinians with clean drinking water, as well as a tower which housed media outlets including the Al Jazeera network, and Associated Press (AP). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Asymmetry of power\u2019<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOwing to the vast asymmetry of power, the victims of this conflict are disproportionately Palestinians in Gaza, of whom over 74,000 have been forcibly displaced and made homeless, mostly women and children\u201d, the experts said. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe conflict has led to a new wave of unprecedented mass destruction of civilian homes and infrastructure, including electrical grids in Gaza, and indiscriminate or deliberate missile attacks on civilians and residential areas in Israel and Gaza, that violate not only international human rights standards, but amount as well to crimes under international law for which there is individual and State responsibility\u201d, the experts continued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts said that all \u201cindiscriminate or deliberate bombardment of civilians and towers housing civilians, media organizations and refugee camps in Gaza and Israel are war crimes that are, prima facie, not justified by the requirements of proportionality and necessity under international law. All parties who engage in such attacks must bear individual and State responsibility as appropriate.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Independent Special Rapporteurs, are appointed by the UN Human Rights Council<\/a> to monitor specific countries or thematic issues.\u202f They serve in their individual capacity and are not UN staff, nor are they paid by the Organization.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ceasefire can\u2019t hide scale of destruction in Gaza, UN warns, as rights experts call for ICC probe","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ceasefire-cant-hide-scale-of-destruction-in-gaza-un-warns-as-rights-experts-call-for-icc-probe","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5276","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5264,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wie selbst die mauretanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IBI World Frankreich \u2013 9. Mai 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endloser Sand. Wie in einem Albtraum. Eine Landschaft, in der kein Punkt unterschieden werden kann, um es mit Gedanken zu erfassen, keine richtige Richtung gibt. Es hei\u00dft Mauretanien und ist eines der \u00e4rmsten L\u00e4nder der Welt (157.), da hier fast zwei Drittel der Menschen von weniger als 5 US-Dollar pro Tag leben und noch nicht lesen und schreiben k\u00f6nnen[1]<\/a>. Man k\u00f6nnte denken, dass es eine Nation ist, die niemanden interessiert, deren Au\u00dfenpolitik sich darauf beschr\u00e4nkt, um Hilfe von reicheren L\u00e4ndern zu bitten und Konflikte zu vermeiden, die sowohl sozial als auch wirtschaftlich nicht \u00fcberlebbar w\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

It is expected that an inter-agency Flash Appeal for the occupied Palestinian territory will be issued next week. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

UNICEF delivers aid containers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The UN Children\u2019s Fund, UNICEF<\/a>, delivered 18 containers of aid on Friday following the resumption of relative calm in the Gaza Strip, through the Kerem Shalom crossing, to support children and families in need.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Among the items delivered were first-aid kits, blood supply bags and solution, fire extinguishers, antibiotics and other infection-control kits, together with 10,000 doses of the Sinopharm\u00a0COVID-19<\/a>\u00a0vaccine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe are extremely thankful that a ceasefire agreement in the Gaza strip came into effect at 2am this morning, because the human toll there has been huge\u201d, said Lucia Elmi<\/a>, UNICEF Special Representative in Palestine. \u201cThis will allow families to have much-needed respite and allow for the delivery of much-needed humanitarian assistance and personnel to the Gaza Strip\u201d, she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

UN rights experts call for ICC probe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

UN independent human rights experts on Friday called on all parties<\/a> to the conflict in Gaza and Israel to respect the ceasefire, and urged an investigation by the International Criminal Court<\/a> (ICC) into the attacks on civilian populations and other \u201cgross violations of human rights\u201d, according to a statement released through the UN rights office (OHCHR<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts pointed to the forced evictions of Palestinian families living in Sheikh Jarrah and Silwan, in Occupied East Jerusalem, as the spark that set off a full-blown war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They said that at least 222 people, including 63 children, were killed in Gaza and 12 people died in Israel as a result of the fighting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More than 450 buildings in the Gaza Strip were completely destroyed or damaged by missiles, the statement continued. Among them were six hospitals, nine healthcare centres and a water desalination plant, supplying around 250,000 Palestinians with clean drinking water, as well as a tower which housed media outlets including the Al Jazeera network, and Associated Press (AP). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Asymmetry of power\u2019<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOwing to the vast asymmetry of power, the victims of this conflict are disproportionately Palestinians in Gaza, of whom over 74,000 have been forcibly displaced and made homeless, mostly women and children\u201d, the experts said. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe conflict has led to a new wave of unprecedented mass destruction of civilian homes and infrastructure, including electrical grids in Gaza, and indiscriminate or deliberate missile attacks on civilians and residential areas in Israel and Gaza, that violate not only international human rights standards, but amount as well to crimes under international law for which there is individual and State responsibility\u201d, the experts continued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts said that all \u201cindiscriminate or deliberate bombardment of civilians and towers housing civilians, media organizations and refugee camps in Gaza and Israel are war crimes that are, prima facie, not justified by the requirements of proportionality and necessity under international law. All parties who engage in such attacks must bear individual and State responsibility as appropriate.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Independent Special Rapporteurs, are appointed by the UN Human Rights Council<\/a> to monitor specific countries or thematic issues.\u202f They serve in their individual capacity and are not UN staff, nor are they paid by the Organization.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ceasefire can\u2019t hide scale of destruction in Gaza, UN warns, as rights experts call for ICC probe","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ceasefire-cant-hide-scale-of-destruction-in-gaza-un-warns-as-rights-experts-call-for-icc-probe","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5276","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5264,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wie selbst die mauretanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IBI World Frankreich \u2013 9. Mai 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endloser Sand. Wie in einem Albtraum. Eine Landschaft, in der kein Punkt unterschieden werden kann, um es mit Gedanken zu erfassen, keine richtige Richtung gibt. Es hei\u00dft Mauretanien und ist eines der \u00e4rmsten L\u00e4nder der Welt (157.), da hier fast zwei Drittel der Menschen von weniger als 5 US-Dollar pro Tag leben und noch nicht lesen und schreiben k\u00f6nnen[1]<\/a>. Man k\u00f6nnte denken, dass es eine Nation ist, die niemanden interessiert, deren Au\u00dfenpolitik sich darauf beschr\u00e4nkt, um Hilfe von reicheren L\u00e4ndern zu bitten und Konflikte zu vermeiden, die sowohl sozial als auch wirtschaftlich nicht \u00fcberlebbar w\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

The UN Emergency Relief Coordinator, Mark Lowcock, allocated $4.5 million towards the cost of meeting rising needs across Gaza on Friday. The money comes from the Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF<\/a>), which is in addition to some $18 million allocated from the Occupied Palestinian Territory Humanitarian Fund, making for a total of $22.5 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is expected that an inter-agency Flash Appeal for the occupied Palestinian territory will be issued next week. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

UNICEF delivers aid containers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The UN Children\u2019s Fund, UNICEF<\/a>, delivered 18 containers of aid on Friday following the resumption of relative calm in the Gaza Strip, through the Kerem Shalom crossing, to support children and families in need.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Among the items delivered were first-aid kits, blood supply bags and solution, fire extinguishers, antibiotics and other infection-control kits, together with 10,000 doses of the Sinopharm\u00a0COVID-19<\/a>\u00a0vaccine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe are extremely thankful that a ceasefire agreement in the Gaza strip came into effect at 2am this morning, because the human toll there has been huge\u201d, said Lucia Elmi<\/a>, UNICEF Special Representative in Palestine. \u201cThis will allow families to have much-needed respite and allow for the delivery of much-needed humanitarian assistance and personnel to the Gaza Strip\u201d, she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

UN rights experts call for ICC probe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

UN independent human rights experts on Friday called on all parties<\/a> to the conflict in Gaza and Israel to respect the ceasefire, and urged an investigation by the International Criminal Court<\/a> (ICC) into the attacks on civilian populations and other \u201cgross violations of human rights\u201d, according to a statement released through the UN rights office (OHCHR<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts pointed to the forced evictions of Palestinian families living in Sheikh Jarrah and Silwan, in Occupied East Jerusalem, as the spark that set off a full-blown war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They said that at least 222 people, including 63 children, were killed in Gaza and 12 people died in Israel as a result of the fighting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More than 450 buildings in the Gaza Strip were completely destroyed or damaged by missiles, the statement continued. Among them were six hospitals, nine healthcare centres and a water desalination plant, supplying around 250,000 Palestinians with clean drinking water, as well as a tower which housed media outlets including the Al Jazeera network, and Associated Press (AP). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Asymmetry of power\u2019<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOwing to the vast asymmetry of power, the victims of this conflict are disproportionately Palestinians in Gaza, of whom over 74,000 have been forcibly displaced and made homeless, mostly women and children\u201d, the experts said. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe conflict has led to a new wave of unprecedented mass destruction of civilian homes and infrastructure, including electrical grids in Gaza, and indiscriminate or deliberate missile attacks on civilians and residential areas in Israel and Gaza, that violate not only international human rights standards, but amount as well to crimes under international law for which there is individual and State responsibility\u201d, the experts continued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts said that all \u201cindiscriminate or deliberate bombardment of civilians and towers housing civilians, media organizations and refugee camps in Gaza and Israel are war crimes that are, prima facie, not justified by the requirements of proportionality and necessity under international law. All parties who engage in such attacks must bear individual and State responsibility as appropriate.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Independent Special Rapporteurs, are appointed by the UN Human Rights Council<\/a> to monitor specific countries or thematic issues.\u202f They serve in their individual capacity and are not UN staff, nor are they paid by the Organization.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ceasefire can\u2019t hide scale of destruction in Gaza, UN warns, as rights experts call for ICC probe","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ceasefire-cant-hide-scale-of-destruction-in-gaza-un-warns-as-rights-experts-call-for-icc-probe","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5276","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5264,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wie selbst die mauretanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IBI World Frankreich \u2013 9. Mai 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endloser Sand. Wie in einem Albtraum. Eine Landschaft, in der kein Punkt unterschieden werden kann, um es mit Gedanken zu erfassen, keine richtige Richtung gibt. Es hei\u00dft Mauretanien und ist eines der \u00e4rmsten L\u00e4nder der Welt (157.), da hier fast zwei Drittel der Menschen von weniger als 5 US-Dollar pro Tag leben und noch nicht lesen und schreiben k\u00f6nnen[1]<\/a>. Man k\u00f6nnte denken, dass es eine Nation ist, die niemanden interessiert, deren Au\u00dfenpolitik sich darauf beschr\u00e4nkt, um Hilfe von reicheren L\u00e4ndern zu bitten und Konflikte zu vermeiden, die sowohl sozial als auch wirtschaftlich nicht \u00fcberlebbar w\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

\u201cIf you have your own money and take home your own money to buy food instead of depending on handouts from the UN\u201d, the top UN official added, \u201cyou\u2019re less likely to run into groupings like Hamas\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The UN Emergency Relief Coordinator, Mark Lowcock, allocated $4.5 million towards the cost of meeting rising needs across Gaza on Friday. The money comes from the Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF<\/a>), which is in addition to some $18 million allocated from the Occupied Palestinian Territory Humanitarian Fund, making for a total of $22.5 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is expected that an inter-agency Flash Appeal for the occupied Palestinian territory will be issued next week. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

UNICEF delivers aid containers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The UN Children\u2019s Fund, UNICEF<\/a>, delivered 18 containers of aid on Friday following the resumption of relative calm in the Gaza Strip, through the Kerem Shalom crossing, to support children and families in need.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Among the items delivered were first-aid kits, blood supply bags and solution, fire extinguishers, antibiotics and other infection-control kits, together with 10,000 doses of the Sinopharm\u00a0COVID-19<\/a>\u00a0vaccine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe are extremely thankful that a ceasefire agreement in the Gaza strip came into effect at 2am this morning, because the human toll there has been huge\u201d, said Lucia Elmi<\/a>, UNICEF Special Representative in Palestine. \u201cThis will allow families to have much-needed respite and allow for the delivery of much-needed humanitarian assistance and personnel to the Gaza Strip\u201d, she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

UN rights experts call for ICC probe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

UN independent human rights experts on Friday called on all parties<\/a> to the conflict in Gaza and Israel to respect the ceasefire, and urged an investigation by the International Criminal Court<\/a> (ICC) into the attacks on civilian populations and other \u201cgross violations of human rights\u201d, according to a statement released through the UN rights office (OHCHR<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts pointed to the forced evictions of Palestinian families living in Sheikh Jarrah and Silwan, in Occupied East Jerusalem, as the spark that set off a full-blown war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They said that at least 222 people, including 63 children, were killed in Gaza and 12 people died in Israel as a result of the fighting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More than 450 buildings in the Gaza Strip were completely destroyed or damaged by missiles, the statement continued. Among them were six hospitals, nine healthcare centres and a water desalination plant, supplying around 250,000 Palestinians with clean drinking water, as well as a tower which housed media outlets including the Al Jazeera network, and Associated Press (AP). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Asymmetry of power\u2019<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOwing to the vast asymmetry of power, the victims of this conflict are disproportionately Palestinians in Gaza, of whom over 74,000 have been forcibly displaced and made homeless, mostly women and children\u201d, the experts said. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe conflict has led to a new wave of unprecedented mass destruction of civilian homes and infrastructure, including electrical grids in Gaza, and indiscriminate or deliberate missile attacks on civilians and residential areas in Israel and Gaza, that violate not only international human rights standards, but amount as well to crimes under international law for which there is individual and State responsibility\u201d, the experts continued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts said that all \u201cindiscriminate or deliberate bombardment of civilians and towers housing civilians, media organizations and refugee camps in Gaza and Israel are war crimes that are, prima facie, not justified by the requirements of proportionality and necessity under international law. All parties who engage in such attacks must bear individual and State responsibility as appropriate.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Independent Special Rapporteurs, are appointed by the UN Human Rights Council<\/a> to monitor specific countries or thematic issues.\u202f They serve in their individual capacity and are not UN staff, nor are they paid by the Organization.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ceasefire can\u2019t hide scale of destruction in Gaza, UN warns, as rights experts call for ICC probe","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ceasefire-cant-hide-scale-of-destruction-in-gaza-un-warns-as-rights-experts-call-for-icc-probe","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5276","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5264,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wie selbst die mauretanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IBI World Frankreich \u2013 9. Mai 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endloser Sand. Wie in einem Albtraum. Eine Landschaft, in der kein Punkt unterschieden werden kann, um es mit Gedanken zu erfassen, keine richtige Richtung gibt. Es hei\u00dft Mauretanien und ist eines der \u00e4rmsten L\u00e4nder der Welt (157.), da hier fast zwei Drittel der Menschen von weniger als 5 US-Dollar pro Tag leben und noch nicht lesen und schreiben k\u00f6nnen[1]<\/a>. Man k\u00f6nnte denken, dass es eine Nation ist, die niemanden interessiert, deren Au\u00dfenpolitik sich darauf beschr\u00e4nkt, um Hilfe von reicheren L\u00e4ndern zu bitten und Konflikte zu vermeiden, die sowohl sozial als auch wirtschaftlich nicht \u00fcberlebbar w\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

\u201cNormality here also means 50 per cent employed and rising...I\u2019m convinced after being here two and a half years that we will be back in war unless underlying causes are not addressed; and from a Gaza perspective that means giving people and especially young people a dignified perspective of a dignified life\u201d, he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf you have your own money and take home your own money to buy food instead of depending on handouts from the UN\u201d, the top UN official added, \u201cyou\u2019re less likely to run into groupings like Hamas\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The UN Emergency Relief Coordinator, Mark Lowcock, allocated $4.5 million towards the cost of meeting rising needs across Gaza on Friday. The money comes from the Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF<\/a>), which is in addition to some $18 million allocated from the Occupied Palestinian Territory Humanitarian Fund, making for a total of $22.5 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is expected that an inter-agency Flash Appeal for the occupied Palestinian territory will be issued next week. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

UNICEF delivers aid containers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The UN Children\u2019s Fund, UNICEF<\/a>, delivered 18 containers of aid on Friday following the resumption of relative calm in the Gaza Strip, through the Kerem Shalom crossing, to support children and families in need.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Among the items delivered were first-aid kits, blood supply bags and solution, fire extinguishers, antibiotics and other infection-control kits, together with 10,000 doses of the Sinopharm\u00a0COVID-19<\/a>\u00a0vaccine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe are extremely thankful that a ceasefire agreement in the Gaza strip came into effect at 2am this morning, because the human toll there has been huge\u201d, said Lucia Elmi<\/a>, UNICEF Special Representative in Palestine. \u201cThis will allow families to have much-needed respite and allow for the delivery of much-needed humanitarian assistance and personnel to the Gaza Strip\u201d, she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

UN rights experts call for ICC probe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

UN independent human rights experts on Friday called on all parties<\/a> to the conflict in Gaza and Israel to respect the ceasefire, and urged an investigation by the International Criminal Court<\/a> (ICC) into the attacks on civilian populations and other \u201cgross violations of human rights\u201d, according to a statement released through the UN rights office (OHCHR<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts pointed to the forced evictions of Palestinian families living in Sheikh Jarrah and Silwan, in Occupied East Jerusalem, as the spark that set off a full-blown war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They said that at least 222 people, including 63 children, were killed in Gaza and 12 people died in Israel as a result of the fighting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More than 450 buildings in the Gaza Strip were completely destroyed or damaged by missiles, the statement continued. Among them were six hospitals, nine healthcare centres and a water desalination plant, supplying around 250,000 Palestinians with clean drinking water, as well as a tower which housed media outlets including the Al Jazeera network, and Associated Press (AP). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Asymmetry of power\u2019<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOwing to the vast asymmetry of power, the victims of this conflict are disproportionately Palestinians in Gaza, of whom over 74,000 have been forcibly displaced and made homeless, mostly women and children\u201d, the experts said. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe conflict has led to a new wave of unprecedented mass destruction of civilian homes and infrastructure, including electrical grids in Gaza, and indiscriminate or deliberate missile attacks on civilians and residential areas in Israel and Gaza, that violate not only international human rights standards, but amount as well to crimes under international law for which there is individual and State responsibility\u201d, the experts continued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts said that all \u201cindiscriminate or deliberate bombardment of civilians and towers housing civilians, media organizations and refugee camps in Gaza and Israel are war crimes that are, prima facie, not justified by the requirements of proportionality and necessity under international law. All parties who engage in such attacks must bear individual and State responsibility as appropriate.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Independent Special Rapporteurs, are appointed by the UN Human Rights Council<\/a> to monitor specific countries or thematic issues.\u202f They serve in their individual capacity and are not UN staff, nor are they paid by the Organization.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ceasefire can\u2019t hide scale of destruction in Gaza, UN warns, as rights experts call for ICC probe","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ceasefire-cant-hide-scale-of-destruction-in-gaza-un-warns-as-rights-experts-call-for-icc-probe","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5276","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5264,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wie selbst die mauretanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IBI World Frankreich \u2013 9. Mai 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endloser Sand. Wie in einem Albtraum. Eine Landschaft, in der kein Punkt unterschieden werden kann, um es mit Gedanken zu erfassen, keine richtige Richtung gibt. Es hei\u00dft Mauretanien und ist eines der \u00e4rmsten L\u00e4nder der Welt (157.), da hier fast zwei Drittel der Menschen von weniger als 5 US-Dollar pro Tag leben und noch nicht lesen und schreiben k\u00f6nnen[1]<\/a>. Man k\u00f6nnte denken, dass es eine Nation ist, die niemanden interessiert, deren Au\u00dfenpolitik sich darauf beschr\u00e4nkt, um Hilfe von reicheren L\u00e4ndern zu bitten und Konflikte zu vermeiden, die sowohl sozial als auch wirtschaftlich nicht \u00fcberlebbar w\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

War still looms<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNormality here also means 50 per cent employed and rising...I\u2019m convinced after being here two and a half years that we will be back in war unless underlying causes are not addressed; and from a Gaza perspective that means giving people and especially young people a dignified perspective of a dignified life\u201d, he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf you have your own money and take home your own money to buy food instead of depending on handouts from the UN\u201d, the top UN official added, \u201cyou\u2019re less likely to run into groupings like Hamas\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The UN Emergency Relief Coordinator, Mark Lowcock, allocated $4.5 million towards the cost of meeting rising needs across Gaza on Friday. The money comes from the Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF<\/a>), which is in addition to some $18 million allocated from the Occupied Palestinian Territory Humanitarian Fund, making for a total of $22.5 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is expected that an inter-agency Flash Appeal for the occupied Palestinian territory will be issued next week. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

UNICEF delivers aid containers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The UN Children\u2019s Fund, UNICEF<\/a>, delivered 18 containers of aid on Friday following the resumption of relative calm in the Gaza Strip, through the Kerem Shalom crossing, to support children and families in need.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Among the items delivered were first-aid kits, blood supply bags and solution, fire extinguishers, antibiotics and other infection-control kits, together with 10,000 doses of the Sinopharm\u00a0COVID-19<\/a>\u00a0vaccine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe are extremely thankful that a ceasefire agreement in the Gaza strip came into effect at 2am this morning, because the human toll there has been huge\u201d, said Lucia Elmi<\/a>, UNICEF Special Representative in Palestine. \u201cThis will allow families to have much-needed respite and allow for the delivery of much-needed humanitarian assistance and personnel to the Gaza Strip\u201d, she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

UN rights experts call for ICC probe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

UN independent human rights experts on Friday called on all parties<\/a> to the conflict in Gaza and Israel to respect the ceasefire, and urged an investigation by the International Criminal Court<\/a> (ICC) into the attacks on civilian populations and other \u201cgross violations of human rights\u201d, according to a statement released through the UN rights office (OHCHR<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts pointed to the forced evictions of Palestinian families living in Sheikh Jarrah and Silwan, in Occupied East Jerusalem, as the spark that set off a full-blown war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They said that at least 222 people, including 63 children, were killed in Gaza and 12 people died in Israel as a result of the fighting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More than 450 buildings in the Gaza Strip were completely destroyed or damaged by missiles, the statement continued. Among them were six hospitals, nine healthcare centres and a water desalination plant, supplying around 250,000 Palestinians with clean drinking water, as well as a tower which housed media outlets including the Al Jazeera network, and Associated Press (AP). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Asymmetry of power\u2019<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOwing to the vast asymmetry of power, the victims of this conflict are disproportionately Palestinians in Gaza, of whom over 74,000 have been forcibly displaced and made homeless, mostly women and children\u201d, the experts said. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe conflict has led to a new wave of unprecedented mass destruction of civilian homes and infrastructure, including electrical grids in Gaza, and indiscriminate or deliberate missile attacks on civilians and residential areas in Israel and Gaza, that violate not only international human rights standards, but amount as well to crimes under international law for which there is individual and State responsibility\u201d, the experts continued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts said that all \u201cindiscriminate or deliberate bombardment of civilians and towers housing civilians, media organizations and refugee camps in Gaza and Israel are war crimes that are, prima facie, not justified by the requirements of proportionality and necessity under international law. All parties who engage in such attacks must bear individual and State responsibility as appropriate.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Independent Special Rapporteurs, are appointed by the UN Human Rights Council<\/a> to monitor specific countries or thematic issues.\u202f They serve in their individual capacity and are not UN staff, nor are they paid by the Organization.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ceasefire can\u2019t hide scale of destruction in Gaza, UN warns, as rights experts call for ICC probe","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ceasefire-cant-hide-scale-of-destruction-in-gaza-un-warns-as-rights-experts-call-for-icc-probe","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5276","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5264,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wie selbst die mauretanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IBI World Frankreich \u2013 9. Mai 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endloser Sand. Wie in einem Albtraum. Eine Landschaft, in der kein Punkt unterschieden werden kann, um es mit Gedanken zu erfassen, keine richtige Richtung gibt. Es hei\u00dft Mauretanien und ist eines der \u00e4rmsten L\u00e4nder der Welt (157.), da hier fast zwei Drittel der Menschen von weniger als 5 US-Dollar pro Tag leben und noch nicht lesen und schreiben k\u00f6nnen[1]<\/a>. Man k\u00f6nnte denken, dass es eine Nation ist, die niemanden interessiert, deren Au\u00dfenpolitik sich darauf beschr\u00e4nkt, um Hilfe von reicheren L\u00e4ndern zu bitten und Konflikte zu vermeiden, die sowohl sozial als auch wirtschaftlich nicht \u00fcberlebbar w\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

Mr. Schmale noted that UNRWA staff who are mainly residents of the region said that the violence had been \u201cworse in intensity and terror than 2014\u201d, before echoing the UN Secretary-General\u2019s call<\/a> for a meaningful political process to resolve the grievances of both Palestinians and Israelis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

War still looms<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNormality here also means 50 per cent employed and rising...I\u2019m convinced after being here two and a half years that we will be back in war unless underlying causes are not addressed; and from a Gaza perspective that means giving people and especially young people a dignified perspective of a dignified life\u201d, he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf you have your own money and take home your own money to buy food instead of depending on handouts from the UN\u201d, the top UN official added, \u201cyou\u2019re less likely to run into groupings like Hamas\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The UN Emergency Relief Coordinator, Mark Lowcock, allocated $4.5 million towards the cost of meeting rising needs across Gaza on Friday. The money comes from the Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF<\/a>), which is in addition to some $18 million allocated from the Occupied Palestinian Territory Humanitarian Fund, making for a total of $22.5 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is expected that an inter-agency Flash Appeal for the occupied Palestinian territory will be issued next week. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

UNICEF delivers aid containers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The UN Children\u2019s Fund, UNICEF<\/a>, delivered 18 containers of aid on Friday following the resumption of relative calm in the Gaza Strip, through the Kerem Shalom crossing, to support children and families in need.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Among the items delivered were first-aid kits, blood supply bags and solution, fire extinguishers, antibiotics and other infection-control kits, together with 10,000 doses of the Sinopharm\u00a0COVID-19<\/a>\u00a0vaccine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe are extremely thankful that a ceasefire agreement in the Gaza strip came into effect at 2am this morning, because the human toll there has been huge\u201d, said Lucia Elmi<\/a>, UNICEF Special Representative in Palestine. \u201cThis will allow families to have much-needed respite and allow for the delivery of much-needed humanitarian assistance and personnel to the Gaza Strip\u201d, she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

UN rights experts call for ICC probe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

UN independent human rights experts on Friday called on all parties<\/a> to the conflict in Gaza and Israel to respect the ceasefire, and urged an investigation by the International Criminal Court<\/a> (ICC) into the attacks on civilian populations and other \u201cgross violations of human rights\u201d, according to a statement released through the UN rights office (OHCHR<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts pointed to the forced evictions of Palestinian families living in Sheikh Jarrah and Silwan, in Occupied East Jerusalem, as the spark that set off a full-blown war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They said that at least 222 people, including 63 children, were killed in Gaza and 12 people died in Israel as a result of the fighting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More than 450 buildings in the Gaza Strip were completely destroyed or damaged by missiles, the statement continued. Among them were six hospitals, nine healthcare centres and a water desalination plant, supplying around 250,000 Palestinians with clean drinking water, as well as a tower which housed media outlets including the Al Jazeera network, and Associated Press (AP). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Asymmetry of power\u2019<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOwing to the vast asymmetry of power, the victims of this conflict are disproportionately Palestinians in Gaza, of whom over 74,000 have been forcibly displaced and made homeless, mostly women and children\u201d, the experts said. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe conflict has led to a new wave of unprecedented mass destruction of civilian homes and infrastructure, including electrical grids in Gaza, and indiscriminate or deliberate missile attacks on civilians and residential areas in Israel and Gaza, that violate not only international human rights standards, but amount as well to crimes under international law for which there is individual and State responsibility\u201d, the experts continued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts said that all \u201cindiscriminate or deliberate bombardment of civilians and towers housing civilians, media organizations and refugee camps in Gaza and Israel are war crimes that are, prima facie, not justified by the requirements of proportionality and necessity under international law. All parties who engage in such attacks must bear individual and State responsibility as appropriate.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Independent Special Rapporteurs, are appointed by the UN Human Rights Council<\/a> to monitor specific countries or thematic issues.\u202f They serve in their individual capacity and are not UN staff, nor are they paid by the Organization.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ceasefire can\u2019t hide scale of destruction in Gaza, UN warns, as rights experts call for ICC probe","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ceasefire-cant-hide-scale-of-destruction-in-gaza-un-warns-as-rights-experts-call-for-icc-probe","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5276","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5264,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wie selbst die mauretanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IBI World Frankreich \u2013 9. Mai 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endloser Sand. Wie in einem Albtraum. Eine Landschaft, in der kein Punkt unterschieden werden kann, um es mit Gedanken zu erfassen, keine richtige Richtung gibt. Es hei\u00dft Mauretanien und ist eines der \u00e4rmsten L\u00e4nder der Welt (157.), da hier fast zwei Drittel der Menschen von weniger als 5 US-Dollar pro Tag leben und noch nicht lesen und schreiben k\u00f6nnen[1]<\/a>. Man k\u00f6nnte denken, dass es eine Nation ist, die niemanden interessiert, deren Au\u00dfenpolitik sich darauf beschr\u00e4nkt, um Hilfe von reicheren L\u00e4ndern zu bitten und Konflikte zu vermeiden, die sowohl sozial als auch wirtschaftlich nicht \u00fcberlebbar w\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

The senior UNRWA official also noted that the Kerem Shalom crossing was due to open for several hours on Friday but that for the duration of the clashes, it had not been possible to get people out for medical treatment, or aid reinforcements in.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mr. Schmale noted that UNRWA staff who are mainly residents of the region said that the violence had been \u201cworse in intensity and terror than 2014\u201d, before echoing the UN Secretary-General\u2019s call<\/a> for a meaningful political process to resolve the grievances of both Palestinians and Israelis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

War still looms<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNormality here also means 50 per cent employed and rising...I\u2019m convinced after being here two and a half years that we will be back in war unless underlying causes are not addressed; and from a Gaza perspective that means giving people and especially young people a dignified perspective of a dignified life\u201d, he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf you have your own money and take home your own money to buy food instead of depending on handouts from the UN\u201d, the top UN official added, \u201cyou\u2019re less likely to run into groupings like Hamas\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The UN Emergency Relief Coordinator, Mark Lowcock, allocated $4.5 million towards the cost of meeting rising needs across Gaza on Friday. The money comes from the Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF<\/a>), which is in addition to some $18 million allocated from the Occupied Palestinian Territory Humanitarian Fund, making for a total of $22.5 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is expected that an inter-agency Flash Appeal for the occupied Palestinian territory will be issued next week. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

UNICEF delivers aid containers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The UN Children\u2019s Fund, UNICEF<\/a>, delivered 18 containers of aid on Friday following the resumption of relative calm in the Gaza Strip, through the Kerem Shalom crossing, to support children and families in need.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Among the items delivered were first-aid kits, blood supply bags and solution, fire extinguishers, antibiotics and other infection-control kits, together with 10,000 doses of the Sinopharm\u00a0COVID-19<\/a>\u00a0vaccine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe are extremely thankful that a ceasefire agreement in the Gaza strip came into effect at 2am this morning, because the human toll there has been huge\u201d, said Lucia Elmi<\/a>, UNICEF Special Representative in Palestine. \u201cThis will allow families to have much-needed respite and allow for the delivery of much-needed humanitarian assistance and personnel to the Gaza Strip\u201d, she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

UN rights experts call for ICC probe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

UN independent human rights experts on Friday called on all parties<\/a> to the conflict in Gaza and Israel to respect the ceasefire, and urged an investigation by the International Criminal Court<\/a> (ICC) into the attacks on civilian populations and other \u201cgross violations of human rights\u201d, according to a statement released through the UN rights office (OHCHR<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts pointed to the forced evictions of Palestinian families living in Sheikh Jarrah and Silwan, in Occupied East Jerusalem, as the spark that set off a full-blown war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They said that at least 222 people, including 63 children, were killed in Gaza and 12 people died in Israel as a result of the fighting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More than 450 buildings in the Gaza Strip were completely destroyed or damaged by missiles, the statement continued. Among them were six hospitals, nine healthcare centres and a water desalination plant, supplying around 250,000 Palestinians with clean drinking water, as well as a tower which housed media outlets including the Al Jazeera network, and Associated Press (AP). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Asymmetry of power\u2019<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOwing to the vast asymmetry of power, the victims of this conflict are disproportionately Palestinians in Gaza, of whom over 74,000 have been forcibly displaced and made homeless, mostly women and children\u201d, the experts said. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe conflict has led to a new wave of unprecedented mass destruction of civilian homes and infrastructure, including electrical grids in Gaza, and indiscriminate or deliberate missile attacks on civilians and residential areas in Israel and Gaza, that violate not only international human rights standards, but amount as well to crimes under international law for which there is individual and State responsibility\u201d, the experts continued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts said that all \u201cindiscriminate or deliberate bombardment of civilians and towers housing civilians, media organizations and refugee camps in Gaza and Israel are war crimes that are, prima facie, not justified by the requirements of proportionality and necessity under international law. All parties who engage in such attacks must bear individual and State responsibility as appropriate.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Independent Special Rapporteurs, are appointed by the UN Human Rights Council<\/a> to monitor specific countries or thematic issues.\u202f They serve in their individual capacity and are not UN staff, nor are they paid by the Organization.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ceasefire can\u2019t hide scale of destruction in Gaza, UN warns, as rights experts call for ICC probe","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ceasefire-cant-hide-scale-of-destruction-in-gaza-un-warns-as-rights-experts-call-for-icc-probe","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5276","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5264,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wie selbst die mauretanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IBI World Frankreich \u2013 9. Mai 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endloser Sand. Wie in einem Albtraum. Eine Landschaft, in der kein Punkt unterschieden werden kann, um es mit Gedanken zu erfassen, keine richtige Richtung gibt. Es hei\u00dft Mauretanien und ist eines der \u00e4rmsten L\u00e4nder der Welt (157.), da hier fast zwei Drittel der Menschen von weniger als 5 US-Dollar pro Tag leben und noch nicht lesen und schreiben k\u00f6nnen[1]<\/a>. Man k\u00f6nnte denken, dass es eine Nation ist, die niemanden interessiert, deren Au\u00dfenpolitik sich darauf beschr\u00e4nkt, um Hilfe von reicheren L\u00e4ndern zu bitten und Konflikte zu vermeiden, die sowohl sozial als auch wirtschaftlich nicht \u00fcberlebbar w\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

\u201cGoing back to normal life means having to watch very carefully where we are going; unexploded devices, we know that at least one school, one of our 278 schools, where we have established two deeply buried bombs, and we have alerted the Israeli authorities\u201d, he said. \u201cObviously we cannot just rush back into our buildings and schools, we have to make sure they\u2019re safe.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The senior UNRWA official also noted that the Kerem Shalom crossing was due to open for several hours on Friday but that for the duration of the clashes, it had not been possible to get people out for medical treatment, or aid reinforcements in.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mr. Schmale noted that UNRWA staff who are mainly residents of the region said that the violence had been \u201cworse in intensity and terror than 2014\u201d, before echoing the UN Secretary-General\u2019s call<\/a> for a meaningful political process to resolve the grievances of both Palestinians and Israelis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

War still looms<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNormality here also means 50 per cent employed and rising...I\u2019m convinced after being here two and a half years that we will be back in war unless underlying causes are not addressed; and from a Gaza perspective that means giving people and especially young people a dignified perspective of a dignified life\u201d, he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf you have your own money and take home your own money to buy food instead of depending on handouts from the UN\u201d, the top UN official added, \u201cyou\u2019re less likely to run into groupings like Hamas\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The UN Emergency Relief Coordinator, Mark Lowcock, allocated $4.5 million towards the cost of meeting rising needs across Gaza on Friday. The money comes from the Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF<\/a>), which is in addition to some $18 million allocated from the Occupied Palestinian Territory Humanitarian Fund, making for a total of $22.5 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is expected that an inter-agency Flash Appeal for the occupied Palestinian territory will be issued next week. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

UNICEF delivers aid containers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The UN Children\u2019s Fund, UNICEF<\/a>, delivered 18 containers of aid on Friday following the resumption of relative calm in the Gaza Strip, through the Kerem Shalom crossing, to support children and families in need.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Among the items delivered were first-aid kits, blood supply bags and solution, fire extinguishers, antibiotics and other infection-control kits, together with 10,000 doses of the Sinopharm\u00a0COVID-19<\/a>\u00a0vaccine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe are extremely thankful that a ceasefire agreement in the Gaza strip came into effect at 2am this morning, because the human toll there has been huge\u201d, said Lucia Elmi<\/a>, UNICEF Special Representative in Palestine. \u201cThis will allow families to have much-needed respite and allow for the delivery of much-needed humanitarian assistance and personnel to the Gaza Strip\u201d, she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

UN rights experts call for ICC probe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

UN independent human rights experts on Friday called on all parties<\/a> to the conflict in Gaza and Israel to respect the ceasefire, and urged an investigation by the International Criminal Court<\/a> (ICC) into the attacks on civilian populations and other \u201cgross violations of human rights\u201d, according to a statement released through the UN rights office (OHCHR<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts pointed to the forced evictions of Palestinian families living in Sheikh Jarrah and Silwan, in Occupied East Jerusalem, as the spark that set off a full-blown war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They said that at least 222 people, including 63 children, were killed in Gaza and 12 people died in Israel as a result of the fighting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More than 450 buildings in the Gaza Strip were completely destroyed or damaged by missiles, the statement continued. Among them were six hospitals, nine healthcare centres and a water desalination plant, supplying around 250,000 Palestinians with clean drinking water, as well as a tower which housed media outlets including the Al Jazeera network, and Associated Press (AP). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Asymmetry of power\u2019<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOwing to the vast asymmetry of power, the victims of this conflict are disproportionately Palestinians in Gaza, of whom over 74,000 have been forcibly displaced and made homeless, mostly women and children\u201d, the experts said. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe conflict has led to a new wave of unprecedented mass destruction of civilian homes and infrastructure, including electrical grids in Gaza, and indiscriminate or deliberate missile attacks on civilians and residential areas in Israel and Gaza, that violate not only international human rights standards, but amount as well to crimes under international law for which there is individual and State responsibility\u201d, the experts continued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts said that all \u201cindiscriminate or deliberate bombardment of civilians and towers housing civilians, media organizations and refugee camps in Gaza and Israel are war crimes that are, prima facie, not justified by the requirements of proportionality and necessity under international law. All parties who engage in such attacks must bear individual and State responsibility as appropriate.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Independent Special Rapporteurs, are appointed by the UN Human Rights Council<\/a> to monitor specific countries or thematic issues.\u202f They serve in their individual capacity and are not UN staff, nor are they paid by the Organization.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ceasefire can\u2019t hide scale of destruction in Gaza, UN warns, as rights experts call for ICC probe","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ceasefire-cant-hide-scale-of-destruction-in-gaza-un-warns-as-rights-experts-call-for-icc-probe","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5276","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5264,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wie selbst die mauretanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IBI World Frankreich \u2013 9. Mai 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endloser Sand. Wie in einem Albtraum. Eine Landschaft, in der kein Punkt unterschieden werden kann, um es mit Gedanken zu erfassen, keine richtige Richtung gibt. Es hei\u00dft Mauretanien und ist eines der \u00e4rmsten L\u00e4nder der Welt (157.), da hier fast zwei Drittel der Menschen von weniger als 5 US-Dollar pro Tag leben und noch nicht lesen und schreiben k\u00f6nnen[1]<\/a>. Man k\u00f6nnte denken, dass es eine Nation ist, die niemanden interessiert, deren Au\u00dfenpolitik sich darauf beschr\u00e4nkt, um Hilfe von reicheren L\u00e4ndern zu bitten und Konflikte zu vermeiden, die sowohl sozial als auch wirtschaftlich nicht \u00fcberlebbar w\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

Speaking from Gaza, Matthias Schmale from the UN relief agency for Palestinians UNRWA, said that there was no \u201cgoing back to normal\u201d in the enclave, after more than 10 days of rocket fire and airstrike exchanges between the warring parties that have killed more than 250 people and injured thousands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cGoing back to normal life means having to watch very carefully where we are going; unexploded devices, we know that at least one school, one of our 278 schools, where we have established two deeply buried bombs, and we have alerted the Israeli authorities\u201d, he said. \u201cObviously we cannot just rush back into our buildings and schools, we have to make sure they\u2019re safe.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The senior UNRWA official also noted that the Kerem Shalom crossing was due to open for several hours on Friday but that for the duration of the clashes, it had not been possible to get people out for medical treatment, or aid reinforcements in.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mr. Schmale noted that UNRWA staff who are mainly residents of the region said that the violence had been \u201cworse in intensity and terror than 2014\u201d, before echoing the UN Secretary-General\u2019s call<\/a> for a meaningful political process to resolve the grievances of both Palestinians and Israelis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

War still looms<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNormality here also means 50 per cent employed and rising...I\u2019m convinced after being here two and a half years that we will be back in war unless underlying causes are not addressed; and from a Gaza perspective that means giving people and especially young people a dignified perspective of a dignified life\u201d, he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf you have your own money and take home your own money to buy food instead of depending on handouts from the UN\u201d, the top UN official added, \u201cyou\u2019re less likely to run into groupings like Hamas\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The UN Emergency Relief Coordinator, Mark Lowcock, allocated $4.5 million towards the cost of meeting rising needs across Gaza on Friday. The money comes from the Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF<\/a>), which is in addition to some $18 million allocated from the Occupied Palestinian Territory Humanitarian Fund, making for a total of $22.5 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is expected that an inter-agency Flash Appeal for the occupied Palestinian territory will be issued next week. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

UNICEF delivers aid containers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The UN Children\u2019s Fund, UNICEF<\/a>, delivered 18 containers of aid on Friday following the resumption of relative calm in the Gaza Strip, through the Kerem Shalom crossing, to support children and families in need.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Among the items delivered were first-aid kits, blood supply bags and solution, fire extinguishers, antibiotics and other infection-control kits, together with 10,000 doses of the Sinopharm\u00a0COVID-19<\/a>\u00a0vaccine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe are extremely thankful that a ceasefire agreement in the Gaza strip came into effect at 2am this morning, because the human toll there has been huge\u201d, said Lucia Elmi<\/a>, UNICEF Special Representative in Palestine. \u201cThis will allow families to have much-needed respite and allow for the delivery of much-needed humanitarian assistance and personnel to the Gaza Strip\u201d, she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

UN rights experts call for ICC probe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

UN independent human rights experts on Friday called on all parties<\/a> to the conflict in Gaza and Israel to respect the ceasefire, and urged an investigation by the International Criminal Court<\/a> (ICC) into the attacks on civilian populations and other \u201cgross violations of human rights\u201d, according to a statement released through the UN rights office (OHCHR<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts pointed to the forced evictions of Palestinian families living in Sheikh Jarrah and Silwan, in Occupied East Jerusalem, as the spark that set off a full-blown war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They said that at least 222 people, including 63 children, were killed in Gaza and 12 people died in Israel as a result of the fighting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More than 450 buildings in the Gaza Strip were completely destroyed or damaged by missiles, the statement continued. Among them were six hospitals, nine healthcare centres and a water desalination plant, supplying around 250,000 Palestinians with clean drinking water, as well as a tower which housed media outlets including the Al Jazeera network, and Associated Press (AP). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Asymmetry of power\u2019<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOwing to the vast asymmetry of power, the victims of this conflict are disproportionately Palestinians in Gaza, of whom over 74,000 have been forcibly displaced and made homeless, mostly women and children\u201d, the experts said. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe conflict has led to a new wave of unprecedented mass destruction of civilian homes and infrastructure, including electrical grids in Gaza, and indiscriminate or deliberate missile attacks on civilians and residential areas in Israel and Gaza, that violate not only international human rights standards, but amount as well to crimes under international law for which there is individual and State responsibility\u201d, the experts continued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts said that all \u201cindiscriminate or deliberate bombardment of civilians and towers housing civilians, media organizations and refugee camps in Gaza and Israel are war crimes that are, prima facie, not justified by the requirements of proportionality and necessity under international law. All parties who engage in such attacks must bear individual and State responsibility as appropriate.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Independent Special Rapporteurs, are appointed by the UN Human Rights Council<\/a> to monitor specific countries or thematic issues.\u202f They serve in their individual capacity and are not UN staff, nor are they paid by the Organization.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ceasefire can\u2019t hide scale of destruction in Gaza, UN warns, as rights experts call for ICC probe","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ceasefire-cant-hide-scale-of-destruction-in-gaza-un-warns-as-rights-experts-call-for-icc-probe","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5276","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5264,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wie selbst die mauretanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IBI World Frankreich \u2013 9. Mai 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endloser Sand. Wie in einem Albtraum. Eine Landschaft, in der kein Punkt unterschieden werden kann, um es mit Gedanken zu erfassen, keine richtige Richtung gibt. Es hei\u00dft Mauretanien und ist eines der \u00e4rmsten L\u00e4nder der Welt (157.), da hier fast zwei Drittel der Menschen von weniger als 5 US-Dollar pro Tag leben und noch nicht lesen und schreiben k\u00f6nnen[1]<\/a>. Man k\u00f6nnte denken, dass es eine Nation ist, die niemanden interessiert, deren Au\u00dfenpolitik sich darauf beschr\u00e4nkt, um Hilfe von reicheren L\u00e4ndern zu bitten und Konflikte zu vermeiden, die sowohl sozial als auch wirtschaftlich nicht \u00fcberlebbar w\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

originally published:<\/em> 21 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/news.un.org\/en\/story\/2021\/05\/1092482<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Speaking from Gaza, Matthias Schmale from the UN relief agency for Palestinians UNRWA, said that there was no \u201cgoing back to normal\u201d in the enclave, after more than 10 days of rocket fire and airstrike exchanges between the warring parties that have killed more than 250 people and injured thousands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cGoing back to normal life means having to watch very carefully where we are going; unexploded devices, we know that at least one school, one of our 278 schools, where we have established two deeply buried bombs, and we have alerted the Israeli authorities\u201d, he said. \u201cObviously we cannot just rush back into our buildings and schools, we have to make sure they\u2019re safe.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The senior UNRWA official also noted that the Kerem Shalom crossing was due to open for several hours on Friday but that for the duration of the clashes, it had not been possible to get people out for medical treatment, or aid reinforcements in.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mr. Schmale noted that UNRWA staff who are mainly residents of the region said that the violence had been \u201cworse in intensity and terror than 2014\u201d, before echoing the UN Secretary-General\u2019s call<\/a> for a meaningful political process to resolve the grievances of both Palestinians and Israelis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

War still looms<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNormality here also means 50 per cent employed and rising...I\u2019m convinced after being here two and a half years that we will be back in war unless underlying causes are not addressed; and from a Gaza perspective that means giving people and especially young people a dignified perspective of a dignified life\u201d, he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf you have your own money and take home your own money to buy food instead of depending on handouts from the UN\u201d, the top UN official added, \u201cyou\u2019re less likely to run into groupings like Hamas\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The UN Emergency Relief Coordinator, Mark Lowcock, allocated $4.5 million towards the cost of meeting rising needs across Gaza on Friday. The money comes from the Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF<\/a>), which is in addition to some $18 million allocated from the Occupied Palestinian Territory Humanitarian Fund, making for a total of $22.5 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is expected that an inter-agency Flash Appeal for the occupied Palestinian territory will be issued next week. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

UNICEF delivers aid containers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The UN Children\u2019s Fund, UNICEF<\/a>, delivered 18 containers of aid on Friday following the resumption of relative calm in the Gaza Strip, through the Kerem Shalom crossing, to support children and families in need.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Among the items delivered were first-aid kits, blood supply bags and solution, fire extinguishers, antibiotics and other infection-control kits, together with 10,000 doses of the Sinopharm\u00a0COVID-19<\/a>\u00a0vaccine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe are extremely thankful that a ceasefire agreement in the Gaza strip came into effect at 2am this morning, because the human toll there has been huge\u201d, said Lucia Elmi<\/a>, UNICEF Special Representative in Palestine. \u201cThis will allow families to have much-needed respite and allow for the delivery of much-needed humanitarian assistance and personnel to the Gaza Strip\u201d, she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

UN rights experts call for ICC probe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

UN independent human rights experts on Friday called on all parties<\/a> to the conflict in Gaza and Israel to respect the ceasefire, and urged an investigation by the International Criminal Court<\/a> (ICC) into the attacks on civilian populations and other \u201cgross violations of human rights\u201d, according to a statement released through the UN rights office (OHCHR<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts pointed to the forced evictions of Palestinian families living in Sheikh Jarrah and Silwan, in Occupied East Jerusalem, as the spark that set off a full-blown war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They said that at least 222 people, including 63 children, were killed in Gaza and 12 people died in Israel as a result of the fighting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More than 450 buildings in the Gaza Strip were completely destroyed or damaged by missiles, the statement continued. Among them were six hospitals, nine healthcare centres and a water desalination plant, supplying around 250,000 Palestinians with clean drinking water, as well as a tower which housed media outlets including the Al Jazeera network, and Associated Press (AP). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Asymmetry of power\u2019<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOwing to the vast asymmetry of power, the victims of this conflict are disproportionately Palestinians in Gaza, of whom over 74,000 have been forcibly displaced and made homeless, mostly women and children\u201d, the experts said. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe conflict has led to a new wave of unprecedented mass destruction of civilian homes and infrastructure, including electrical grids in Gaza, and indiscriminate or deliberate missile attacks on civilians and residential areas in Israel and Gaza, that violate not only international human rights standards, but amount as well to crimes under international law for which there is individual and State responsibility\u201d, the experts continued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts said that all \u201cindiscriminate or deliberate bombardment of civilians and towers housing civilians, media organizations and refugee camps in Gaza and Israel are war crimes that are, prima facie, not justified by the requirements of proportionality and necessity under international law. All parties who engage in such attacks must bear individual and State responsibility as appropriate.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Independent Special Rapporteurs, are appointed by the UN Human Rights Council<\/a> to monitor specific countries or thematic issues.\u202f They serve in their individual capacity and are not UN staff, nor are they paid by the Organization.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ceasefire can\u2019t hide scale of destruction in Gaza, UN warns, as rights experts call for ICC probe","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ceasefire-cant-hide-scale-of-destruction-in-gaza-un-warns-as-rights-experts-call-for-icc-probe","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5276","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5264,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wie selbst die mauretanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IBI World Frankreich \u2013 9. Mai 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endloser Sand. Wie in einem Albtraum. Eine Landschaft, in der kein Punkt unterschieden werden kann, um es mit Gedanken zu erfassen, keine richtige Richtung gibt. Es hei\u00dft Mauretanien und ist eines der \u00e4rmsten L\u00e4nder der Welt (157.), da hier fast zwei Drittel der Menschen von weniger als 5 US-Dollar pro Tag leben und noch nicht lesen und schreiben k\u00f6nnen[1]<\/a>. Man k\u00f6nnte denken, dass es eine Nation ist, die niemanden interessiert, deren Au\u00dfenpolitik sich darauf beschr\u00e4nkt, um Hilfe von reicheren L\u00e4ndern zu bitten und Konflikte zu vermeiden, die sowohl sozial als auch wirtschaftlich nicht \u00fcberlebbar w\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

NPR's Daniel Estrin reported from Gaza City. NPR's Laurel Wamsley reported from Washington, D.C.<\/em><\/p>\n","post_title":"The Bombing Has Stopped, But Pain And Destruction Remain In Gaza City","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"the-bombing-has-stopped-but-pain-and-destruction-remain-in-gaza-city","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5288","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5276,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 21 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/news.un.org\/en\/story\/2021\/05\/1092482<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Speaking from Gaza, Matthias Schmale from the UN relief agency for Palestinians UNRWA, said that there was no \u201cgoing back to normal\u201d in the enclave, after more than 10 days of rocket fire and airstrike exchanges between the warring parties that have killed more than 250 people and injured thousands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cGoing back to normal life means having to watch very carefully where we are going; unexploded devices, we know that at least one school, one of our 278 schools, where we have established two deeply buried bombs, and we have alerted the Israeli authorities\u201d, he said. \u201cObviously we cannot just rush back into our buildings and schools, we have to make sure they\u2019re safe.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The senior UNRWA official also noted that the Kerem Shalom crossing was due to open for several hours on Friday but that for the duration of the clashes, it had not been possible to get people out for medical treatment, or aid reinforcements in.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mr. Schmale noted that UNRWA staff who are mainly residents of the region said that the violence had been \u201cworse in intensity and terror than 2014\u201d, before echoing the UN Secretary-General\u2019s call<\/a> for a meaningful political process to resolve the grievances of both Palestinians and Israelis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

War still looms<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNormality here also means 50 per cent employed and rising...I\u2019m convinced after being here two and a half years that we will be back in war unless underlying causes are not addressed; and from a Gaza perspective that means giving people and especially young people a dignified perspective of a dignified life\u201d, he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf you have your own money and take home your own money to buy food instead of depending on handouts from the UN\u201d, the top UN official added, \u201cyou\u2019re less likely to run into groupings like Hamas\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The UN Emergency Relief Coordinator, Mark Lowcock, allocated $4.5 million towards the cost of meeting rising needs across Gaza on Friday. The money comes from the Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF<\/a>), which is in addition to some $18 million allocated from the Occupied Palestinian Territory Humanitarian Fund, making for a total of $22.5 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is expected that an inter-agency Flash Appeal for the occupied Palestinian territory will be issued next week. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

UNICEF delivers aid containers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The UN Children\u2019s Fund, UNICEF<\/a>, delivered 18 containers of aid on Friday following the resumption of relative calm in the Gaza Strip, through the Kerem Shalom crossing, to support children and families in need.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Among the items delivered were first-aid kits, blood supply bags and solution, fire extinguishers, antibiotics and other infection-control kits, together with 10,000 doses of the Sinopharm\u00a0COVID-19<\/a>\u00a0vaccine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe are extremely thankful that a ceasefire agreement in the Gaza strip came into effect at 2am this morning, because the human toll there has been huge\u201d, said Lucia Elmi<\/a>, UNICEF Special Representative in Palestine. \u201cThis will allow families to have much-needed respite and allow for the delivery of much-needed humanitarian assistance and personnel to the Gaza Strip\u201d, she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

UN rights experts call for ICC probe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

UN independent human rights experts on Friday called on all parties<\/a> to the conflict in Gaza and Israel to respect the ceasefire, and urged an investigation by the International Criminal Court<\/a> (ICC) into the attacks on civilian populations and other \u201cgross violations of human rights\u201d, according to a statement released through the UN rights office (OHCHR<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts pointed to the forced evictions of Palestinian families living in Sheikh Jarrah and Silwan, in Occupied East Jerusalem, as the spark that set off a full-blown war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They said that at least 222 people, including 63 children, were killed in Gaza and 12 people died in Israel as a result of the fighting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More than 450 buildings in the Gaza Strip were completely destroyed or damaged by missiles, the statement continued. Among them were six hospitals, nine healthcare centres and a water desalination plant, supplying around 250,000 Palestinians with clean drinking water, as well as a tower which housed media outlets including the Al Jazeera network, and Associated Press (AP). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Asymmetry of power\u2019<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOwing to the vast asymmetry of power, the victims of this conflict are disproportionately Palestinians in Gaza, of whom over 74,000 have been forcibly displaced and made homeless, mostly women and children\u201d, the experts said. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe conflict has led to a new wave of unprecedented mass destruction of civilian homes and infrastructure, including electrical grids in Gaza, and indiscriminate or deliberate missile attacks on civilians and residential areas in Israel and Gaza, that violate not only international human rights standards, but amount as well to crimes under international law for which there is individual and State responsibility\u201d, the experts continued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts said that all \u201cindiscriminate or deliberate bombardment of civilians and towers housing civilians, media organizations and refugee camps in Gaza and Israel are war crimes that are, prima facie, not justified by the requirements of proportionality and necessity under international law. All parties who engage in such attacks must bear individual and State responsibility as appropriate.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Independent Special Rapporteurs, are appointed by the UN Human Rights Council<\/a> to monitor specific countries or thematic issues.\u202f They serve in their individual capacity and are not UN staff, nor are they paid by the Organization.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ceasefire can\u2019t hide scale of destruction in Gaza, UN warns, as rights experts call for ICC probe","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ceasefire-cant-hide-scale-of-destruction-in-gaza-un-warns-as-rights-experts-call-for-icc-probe","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5276","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5264,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wie selbst die mauretanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IBI World Frankreich \u2013 9. Mai 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endloser Sand. Wie in einem Albtraum. Eine Landschaft, in der kein Punkt unterschieden werden kann, um es mit Gedanken zu erfassen, keine richtige Richtung gibt. Es hei\u00dft Mauretanien und ist eines der \u00e4rmsten L\u00e4nder der Welt (157.), da hier fast zwei Drittel der Menschen von weniger als 5 US-Dollar pro Tag leben und noch nicht lesen und schreiben k\u00f6nnen[1]<\/a>. Man k\u00f6nnte denken, dass es eine Nation ist, die niemanden interessiert, deren Au\u00dfenpolitik sich darauf beschr\u00e4nkt, um Hilfe von reicheren L\u00e4ndern zu bitten und Konflikte zu vermeiden, die sowohl sozial als auch wirtschaftlich nicht \u00fcberlebbar w\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

The fighting has stopped for now, but dangerous clearance work lies ahead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NPR's Daniel Estrin reported from Gaza City. NPR's Laurel Wamsley reported from Washington, D.C.<\/em><\/p>\n","post_title":"The Bombing Has Stopped, But Pain And Destruction Remain In Gaza City","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"the-bombing-has-stopped-but-pain-and-destruction-remain-in-gaza-city","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5288","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5276,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 21 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/news.un.org\/en\/story\/2021\/05\/1092482<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Speaking from Gaza, Matthias Schmale from the UN relief agency for Palestinians UNRWA, said that there was no \u201cgoing back to normal\u201d in the enclave, after more than 10 days of rocket fire and airstrike exchanges between the warring parties that have killed more than 250 people and injured thousands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cGoing back to normal life means having to watch very carefully where we are going; unexploded devices, we know that at least one school, one of our 278 schools, where we have established two deeply buried bombs, and we have alerted the Israeli authorities\u201d, he said. \u201cObviously we cannot just rush back into our buildings and schools, we have to make sure they\u2019re safe.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The senior UNRWA official also noted that the Kerem Shalom crossing was due to open for several hours on Friday but that for the duration of the clashes, it had not been possible to get people out for medical treatment, or aid reinforcements in.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mr. Schmale noted that UNRWA staff who are mainly residents of the region said that the violence had been \u201cworse in intensity and terror than 2014\u201d, before echoing the UN Secretary-General\u2019s call<\/a> for a meaningful political process to resolve the grievances of both Palestinians and Israelis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

War still looms<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNormality here also means 50 per cent employed and rising...I\u2019m convinced after being here two and a half years that we will be back in war unless underlying causes are not addressed; and from a Gaza perspective that means giving people and especially young people a dignified perspective of a dignified life\u201d, he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf you have your own money and take home your own money to buy food instead of depending on handouts from the UN\u201d, the top UN official added, \u201cyou\u2019re less likely to run into groupings like Hamas\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The UN Emergency Relief Coordinator, Mark Lowcock, allocated $4.5 million towards the cost of meeting rising needs across Gaza on Friday. The money comes from the Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF<\/a>), which is in addition to some $18 million allocated from the Occupied Palestinian Territory Humanitarian Fund, making for a total of $22.5 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is expected that an inter-agency Flash Appeal for the occupied Palestinian territory will be issued next week. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

UNICEF delivers aid containers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The UN Children\u2019s Fund, UNICEF<\/a>, delivered 18 containers of aid on Friday following the resumption of relative calm in the Gaza Strip, through the Kerem Shalom crossing, to support children and families in need.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Among the items delivered were first-aid kits, blood supply bags and solution, fire extinguishers, antibiotics and other infection-control kits, together with 10,000 doses of the Sinopharm\u00a0COVID-19<\/a>\u00a0vaccine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe are extremely thankful that a ceasefire agreement in the Gaza strip came into effect at 2am this morning, because the human toll there has been huge\u201d, said Lucia Elmi<\/a>, UNICEF Special Representative in Palestine. \u201cThis will allow families to have much-needed respite and allow for the delivery of much-needed humanitarian assistance and personnel to the Gaza Strip\u201d, she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

UN rights experts call for ICC probe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

UN independent human rights experts on Friday called on all parties<\/a> to the conflict in Gaza and Israel to respect the ceasefire, and urged an investigation by the International Criminal Court<\/a> (ICC) into the attacks on civilian populations and other \u201cgross violations of human rights\u201d, according to a statement released through the UN rights office (OHCHR<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts pointed to the forced evictions of Palestinian families living in Sheikh Jarrah and Silwan, in Occupied East Jerusalem, as the spark that set off a full-blown war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They said that at least 222 people, including 63 children, were killed in Gaza and 12 people died in Israel as a result of the fighting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More than 450 buildings in the Gaza Strip were completely destroyed or damaged by missiles, the statement continued. Among them were six hospitals, nine healthcare centres and a water desalination plant, supplying around 250,000 Palestinians with clean drinking water, as well as a tower which housed media outlets including the Al Jazeera network, and Associated Press (AP). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Asymmetry of power\u2019<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOwing to the vast asymmetry of power, the victims of this conflict are disproportionately Palestinians in Gaza, of whom over 74,000 have been forcibly displaced and made homeless, mostly women and children\u201d, the experts said. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe conflict has led to a new wave of unprecedented mass destruction of civilian homes and infrastructure, including electrical grids in Gaza, and indiscriminate or deliberate missile attacks on civilians and residential areas in Israel and Gaza, that violate not only international human rights standards, but amount as well to crimes under international law for which there is individual and State responsibility\u201d, the experts continued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts said that all \u201cindiscriminate or deliberate bombardment of civilians and towers housing civilians, media organizations and refugee camps in Gaza and Israel are war crimes that are, prima facie, not justified by the requirements of proportionality and necessity under international law. All parties who engage in such attacks must bear individual and State responsibility as appropriate.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Independent Special Rapporteurs, are appointed by the UN Human Rights Council<\/a> to monitor specific countries or thematic issues.\u202f They serve in their individual capacity and are not UN staff, nor are they paid by the Organization.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ceasefire can\u2019t hide scale of destruction in Gaza, UN warns, as rights experts call for ICC probe","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ceasefire-cant-hide-scale-of-destruction-in-gaza-un-warns-as-rights-experts-call-for-icc-probe","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5276","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5264,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wie selbst die mauretanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IBI World Frankreich \u2013 9. Mai 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endloser Sand. Wie in einem Albtraum. Eine Landschaft, in der kein Punkt unterschieden werden kann, um es mit Gedanken zu erfassen, keine richtige Richtung gibt. Es hei\u00dft Mauretanien und ist eines der \u00e4rmsten L\u00e4nder der Welt (157.), da hier fast zwei Drittel der Menschen von weniger als 5 US-Dollar pro Tag leben und noch nicht lesen und schreiben k\u00f6nnen[1]<\/a>. Man k\u00f6nnte denken, dass es eine Nation ist, die niemanden interessiert, deren Au\u00dfenpolitik sich darauf beschr\u00e4nkt, um Hilfe von reicheren L\u00e4ndern zu bitten und Konflikte zu vermeiden, die sowohl sozial als auch wirtschaftlich nicht \u00fcberlebbar w\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

And there is the present danger of unexploded bombs. Also on Al Wahida Street, workers were removing two large unexploded missiles, under the watch of militants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fighting has stopped for now, but dangerous clearance work lies ahead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NPR's Daniel Estrin reported from Gaza City. NPR's Laurel Wamsley reported from Washington, D.C.<\/em><\/p>\n","post_title":"The Bombing Has Stopped, But Pain And Destruction Remain In Gaza City","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"the-bombing-has-stopped-but-pain-and-destruction-remain-in-gaza-city","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5288","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5276,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 21 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/news.un.org\/en\/story\/2021\/05\/1092482<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Speaking from Gaza, Matthias Schmale from the UN relief agency for Palestinians UNRWA, said that there was no \u201cgoing back to normal\u201d in the enclave, after more than 10 days of rocket fire and airstrike exchanges between the warring parties that have killed more than 250 people and injured thousands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cGoing back to normal life means having to watch very carefully where we are going; unexploded devices, we know that at least one school, one of our 278 schools, where we have established two deeply buried bombs, and we have alerted the Israeli authorities\u201d, he said. \u201cObviously we cannot just rush back into our buildings and schools, we have to make sure they\u2019re safe.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The senior UNRWA official also noted that the Kerem Shalom crossing was due to open for several hours on Friday but that for the duration of the clashes, it had not been possible to get people out for medical treatment, or aid reinforcements in.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mr. Schmale noted that UNRWA staff who are mainly residents of the region said that the violence had been \u201cworse in intensity and terror than 2014\u201d, before echoing the UN Secretary-General\u2019s call<\/a> for a meaningful political process to resolve the grievances of both Palestinians and Israelis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

War still looms<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNormality here also means 50 per cent employed and rising...I\u2019m convinced after being here two and a half years that we will be back in war unless underlying causes are not addressed; and from a Gaza perspective that means giving people and especially young people a dignified perspective of a dignified life\u201d, he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf you have your own money and take home your own money to buy food instead of depending on handouts from the UN\u201d, the top UN official added, \u201cyou\u2019re less likely to run into groupings like Hamas\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The UN Emergency Relief Coordinator, Mark Lowcock, allocated $4.5 million towards the cost of meeting rising needs across Gaza on Friday. The money comes from the Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF<\/a>), which is in addition to some $18 million allocated from the Occupied Palestinian Territory Humanitarian Fund, making for a total of $22.5 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is expected that an inter-agency Flash Appeal for the occupied Palestinian territory will be issued next week. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

UNICEF delivers aid containers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The UN Children\u2019s Fund, UNICEF<\/a>, delivered 18 containers of aid on Friday following the resumption of relative calm in the Gaza Strip, through the Kerem Shalom crossing, to support children and families in need.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Among the items delivered were first-aid kits, blood supply bags and solution, fire extinguishers, antibiotics and other infection-control kits, together with 10,000 doses of the Sinopharm\u00a0COVID-19<\/a>\u00a0vaccine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe are extremely thankful that a ceasefire agreement in the Gaza strip came into effect at 2am this morning, because the human toll there has been huge\u201d, said Lucia Elmi<\/a>, UNICEF Special Representative in Palestine. \u201cThis will allow families to have much-needed respite and allow for the delivery of much-needed humanitarian assistance and personnel to the Gaza Strip\u201d, she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

UN rights experts call for ICC probe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

UN independent human rights experts on Friday called on all parties<\/a> to the conflict in Gaza and Israel to respect the ceasefire, and urged an investigation by the International Criminal Court<\/a> (ICC) into the attacks on civilian populations and other \u201cgross violations of human rights\u201d, according to a statement released through the UN rights office (OHCHR<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts pointed to the forced evictions of Palestinian families living in Sheikh Jarrah and Silwan, in Occupied East Jerusalem, as the spark that set off a full-blown war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They said that at least 222 people, including 63 children, were killed in Gaza and 12 people died in Israel as a result of the fighting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More than 450 buildings in the Gaza Strip were completely destroyed or damaged by missiles, the statement continued. Among them were six hospitals, nine healthcare centres and a water desalination plant, supplying around 250,000 Palestinians with clean drinking water, as well as a tower which housed media outlets including the Al Jazeera network, and Associated Press (AP). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Asymmetry of power\u2019<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOwing to the vast asymmetry of power, the victims of this conflict are disproportionately Palestinians in Gaza, of whom over 74,000 have been forcibly displaced and made homeless, mostly women and children\u201d, the experts said. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe conflict has led to a new wave of unprecedented mass destruction of civilian homes and infrastructure, including electrical grids in Gaza, and indiscriminate or deliberate missile attacks on civilians and residential areas in Israel and Gaza, that violate not only international human rights standards, but amount as well to crimes under international law for which there is individual and State responsibility\u201d, the experts continued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts said that all \u201cindiscriminate or deliberate bombardment of civilians and towers housing civilians, media organizations and refugee camps in Gaza and Israel are war crimes that are, prima facie, not justified by the requirements of proportionality and necessity under international law. All parties who engage in such attacks must bear individual and State responsibility as appropriate.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Independent Special Rapporteurs, are appointed by the UN Human Rights Council<\/a> to monitor specific countries or thematic issues.\u202f They serve in their individual capacity and are not UN staff, nor are they paid by the Organization.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ceasefire can\u2019t hide scale of destruction in Gaza, UN warns, as rights experts call for ICC probe","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ceasefire-cant-hide-scale-of-destruction-in-gaza-un-warns-as-rights-experts-call-for-icc-probe","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5276","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5264,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wie selbst die mauretanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IBI World Frankreich \u2013 9. Mai 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endloser Sand. Wie in einem Albtraum. Eine Landschaft, in der kein Punkt unterschieden werden kann, um es mit Gedanken zu erfassen, keine richtige Richtung gibt. Es hei\u00dft Mauretanien und ist eines der \u00e4rmsten L\u00e4nder der Welt (157.), da hier fast zwei Drittel der Menschen von weniger als 5 US-Dollar pro Tag leben und noch nicht lesen und schreiben k\u00f6nnen[1]<\/a>. Man k\u00f6nnte denken, dass es eine Nation ist, die niemanden interessiert, deren Au\u00dfenpolitik sich darauf beschr\u00e4nkt, um Hilfe von reicheren L\u00e4ndern zu bitten und Konflikte zu vermeiden, die sowohl sozial als auch wirtschaftlich nicht \u00fcberlebbar w\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

Hundreds of homes and businesses were damaged or destroyed. For now, Gazans are marking the rubble with signs that carry the name and phone number of the owner, so that they can be contacted when aid arrives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And there is the present danger of unexploded bombs. Also on Al Wahida Street, workers were removing two large unexploded missiles, under the watch of militants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fighting has stopped for now, but dangerous clearance work lies ahead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NPR's Daniel Estrin reported from Gaza City. NPR's Laurel Wamsley reported from Washington, D.C.<\/em><\/p>\n","post_title":"The Bombing Has Stopped, But Pain And Destruction Remain In Gaza City","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"the-bombing-has-stopped-but-pain-and-destruction-remain-in-gaza-city","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5288","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5276,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 21 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/news.un.org\/en\/story\/2021\/05\/1092482<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Speaking from Gaza, Matthias Schmale from the UN relief agency for Palestinians UNRWA, said that there was no \u201cgoing back to normal\u201d in the enclave, after more than 10 days of rocket fire and airstrike exchanges between the warring parties that have killed more than 250 people and injured thousands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cGoing back to normal life means having to watch very carefully where we are going; unexploded devices, we know that at least one school, one of our 278 schools, where we have established two deeply buried bombs, and we have alerted the Israeli authorities\u201d, he said. \u201cObviously we cannot just rush back into our buildings and schools, we have to make sure they\u2019re safe.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The senior UNRWA official also noted that the Kerem Shalom crossing was due to open for several hours on Friday but that for the duration of the clashes, it had not been possible to get people out for medical treatment, or aid reinforcements in.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mr. Schmale noted that UNRWA staff who are mainly residents of the region said that the violence had been \u201cworse in intensity and terror than 2014\u201d, before echoing the UN Secretary-General\u2019s call<\/a> for a meaningful political process to resolve the grievances of both Palestinians and Israelis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

War still looms<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNormality here also means 50 per cent employed and rising...I\u2019m convinced after being here two and a half years that we will be back in war unless underlying causes are not addressed; and from a Gaza perspective that means giving people and especially young people a dignified perspective of a dignified life\u201d, he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf you have your own money and take home your own money to buy food instead of depending on handouts from the UN\u201d, the top UN official added, \u201cyou\u2019re less likely to run into groupings like Hamas\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The UN Emergency Relief Coordinator, Mark Lowcock, allocated $4.5 million towards the cost of meeting rising needs across Gaza on Friday. The money comes from the Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF<\/a>), which is in addition to some $18 million allocated from the Occupied Palestinian Territory Humanitarian Fund, making for a total of $22.5 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is expected that an inter-agency Flash Appeal for the occupied Palestinian territory will be issued next week. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

UNICEF delivers aid containers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The UN Children\u2019s Fund, UNICEF<\/a>, delivered 18 containers of aid on Friday following the resumption of relative calm in the Gaza Strip, through the Kerem Shalom crossing, to support children and families in need.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Among the items delivered were first-aid kits, blood supply bags and solution, fire extinguishers, antibiotics and other infection-control kits, together with 10,000 doses of the Sinopharm\u00a0COVID-19<\/a>\u00a0vaccine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe are extremely thankful that a ceasefire agreement in the Gaza strip came into effect at 2am this morning, because the human toll there has been huge\u201d, said Lucia Elmi<\/a>, UNICEF Special Representative in Palestine. \u201cThis will allow families to have much-needed respite and allow for the delivery of much-needed humanitarian assistance and personnel to the Gaza Strip\u201d, she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

UN rights experts call for ICC probe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

UN independent human rights experts on Friday called on all parties<\/a> to the conflict in Gaza and Israel to respect the ceasefire, and urged an investigation by the International Criminal Court<\/a> (ICC) into the attacks on civilian populations and other \u201cgross violations of human rights\u201d, according to a statement released through the UN rights office (OHCHR<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts pointed to the forced evictions of Palestinian families living in Sheikh Jarrah and Silwan, in Occupied East Jerusalem, as the spark that set off a full-blown war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They said that at least 222 people, including 63 children, were killed in Gaza and 12 people died in Israel as a result of the fighting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More than 450 buildings in the Gaza Strip were completely destroyed or damaged by missiles, the statement continued. Among them were six hospitals, nine healthcare centres and a water desalination plant, supplying around 250,000 Palestinians with clean drinking water, as well as a tower which housed media outlets including the Al Jazeera network, and Associated Press (AP). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Asymmetry of power\u2019<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOwing to the vast asymmetry of power, the victims of this conflict are disproportionately Palestinians in Gaza, of whom over 74,000 have been forcibly displaced and made homeless, mostly women and children\u201d, the experts said. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe conflict has led to a new wave of unprecedented mass destruction of civilian homes and infrastructure, including electrical grids in Gaza, and indiscriminate or deliberate missile attacks on civilians and residential areas in Israel and Gaza, that violate not only international human rights standards, but amount as well to crimes under international law for which there is individual and State responsibility\u201d, the experts continued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts said that all \u201cindiscriminate or deliberate bombardment of civilians and towers housing civilians, media organizations and refugee camps in Gaza and Israel are war crimes that are, prima facie, not justified by the requirements of proportionality and necessity under international law. All parties who engage in such attacks must bear individual and State responsibility as appropriate.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Independent Special Rapporteurs, are appointed by the UN Human Rights Council<\/a> to monitor specific countries or thematic issues.\u202f They serve in their individual capacity and are not UN staff, nor are they paid by the Organization.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ceasefire can\u2019t hide scale of destruction in Gaza, UN warns, as rights experts call for ICC probe","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ceasefire-cant-hide-scale-of-destruction-in-gaza-un-warns-as-rights-experts-call-for-icc-probe","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5276","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5264,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wie selbst die mauretanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IBI World Frankreich \u2013 9. Mai 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endloser Sand. Wie in einem Albtraum. Eine Landschaft, in der kein Punkt unterschieden werden kann, um es mit Gedanken zu erfassen, keine richtige Richtung gibt. Es hei\u00dft Mauretanien und ist eines der \u00e4rmsten L\u00e4nder der Welt (157.), da hier fast zwei Drittel der Menschen von weniger als 5 US-Dollar pro Tag leben und noch nicht lesen und schreiben k\u00f6nnen[1]<\/a>. Man k\u00f6nnte denken, dass es eine Nation ist, die niemanden interessiert, deren Au\u00dfenpolitik sich darauf beschr\u00e4nkt, um Hilfe von reicheren L\u00e4ndern zu bitten und Konflikte zu vermeiden, die sowohl sozial als auch wirtschaftlich nicht \u00fcberlebbar w\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

That destruction means a need for major rebuilding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hundreds of homes and businesses were damaged or destroyed. For now, Gazans are marking the rubble with signs that carry the name and phone number of the owner, so that they can be contacted when aid arrives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And there is the present danger of unexploded bombs. Also on Al Wahida Street, workers were removing two large unexploded missiles, under the watch of militants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fighting has stopped for now, but dangerous clearance work lies ahead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NPR's Daniel Estrin reported from Gaza City. NPR's Laurel Wamsley reported from Washington, D.C.<\/em><\/p>\n","post_title":"The Bombing Has Stopped, But Pain And Destruction Remain In Gaza City","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"the-bombing-has-stopped-but-pain-and-destruction-remain-in-gaza-city","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5288","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5276,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 21 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/news.un.org\/en\/story\/2021\/05\/1092482<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Speaking from Gaza, Matthias Schmale from the UN relief agency for Palestinians UNRWA, said that there was no \u201cgoing back to normal\u201d in the enclave, after more than 10 days of rocket fire and airstrike exchanges between the warring parties that have killed more than 250 people and injured thousands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cGoing back to normal life means having to watch very carefully where we are going; unexploded devices, we know that at least one school, one of our 278 schools, where we have established two deeply buried bombs, and we have alerted the Israeli authorities\u201d, he said. \u201cObviously we cannot just rush back into our buildings and schools, we have to make sure they\u2019re safe.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The senior UNRWA official also noted that the Kerem Shalom crossing was due to open for several hours on Friday but that for the duration of the clashes, it had not been possible to get people out for medical treatment, or aid reinforcements in.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mr. Schmale noted that UNRWA staff who are mainly residents of the region said that the violence had been \u201cworse in intensity and terror than 2014\u201d, before echoing the UN Secretary-General\u2019s call<\/a> for a meaningful political process to resolve the grievances of both Palestinians and Israelis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

War still looms<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNormality here also means 50 per cent employed and rising...I\u2019m convinced after being here two and a half years that we will be back in war unless underlying causes are not addressed; and from a Gaza perspective that means giving people and especially young people a dignified perspective of a dignified life\u201d, he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf you have your own money and take home your own money to buy food instead of depending on handouts from the UN\u201d, the top UN official added, \u201cyou\u2019re less likely to run into groupings like Hamas\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The UN Emergency Relief Coordinator, Mark Lowcock, allocated $4.5 million towards the cost of meeting rising needs across Gaza on Friday. The money comes from the Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF<\/a>), which is in addition to some $18 million allocated from the Occupied Palestinian Territory Humanitarian Fund, making for a total of $22.5 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is expected that an inter-agency Flash Appeal for the occupied Palestinian territory will be issued next week. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

UNICEF delivers aid containers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The UN Children\u2019s Fund, UNICEF<\/a>, delivered 18 containers of aid on Friday following the resumption of relative calm in the Gaza Strip, through the Kerem Shalom crossing, to support children and families in need.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Among the items delivered were first-aid kits, blood supply bags and solution, fire extinguishers, antibiotics and other infection-control kits, together with 10,000 doses of the Sinopharm\u00a0COVID-19<\/a>\u00a0vaccine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe are extremely thankful that a ceasefire agreement in the Gaza strip came into effect at 2am this morning, because the human toll there has been huge\u201d, said Lucia Elmi<\/a>, UNICEF Special Representative in Palestine. \u201cThis will allow families to have much-needed respite and allow for the delivery of much-needed humanitarian assistance and personnel to the Gaza Strip\u201d, she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

UN rights experts call for ICC probe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

UN independent human rights experts on Friday called on all parties<\/a> to the conflict in Gaza and Israel to respect the ceasefire, and urged an investigation by the International Criminal Court<\/a> (ICC) into the attacks on civilian populations and other \u201cgross violations of human rights\u201d, according to a statement released through the UN rights office (OHCHR<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts pointed to the forced evictions of Palestinian families living in Sheikh Jarrah and Silwan, in Occupied East Jerusalem, as the spark that set off a full-blown war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They said that at least 222 people, including 63 children, were killed in Gaza and 12 people died in Israel as a result of the fighting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More than 450 buildings in the Gaza Strip were completely destroyed or damaged by missiles, the statement continued. Among them were six hospitals, nine healthcare centres and a water desalination plant, supplying around 250,000 Palestinians with clean drinking water, as well as a tower which housed media outlets including the Al Jazeera network, and Associated Press (AP). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Asymmetry of power\u2019<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOwing to the vast asymmetry of power, the victims of this conflict are disproportionately Palestinians in Gaza, of whom over 74,000 have been forcibly displaced and made homeless, mostly women and children\u201d, the experts said. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe conflict has led to a new wave of unprecedented mass destruction of civilian homes and infrastructure, including electrical grids in Gaza, and indiscriminate or deliberate missile attacks on civilians and residential areas in Israel and Gaza, that violate not only international human rights standards, but amount as well to crimes under international law for which there is individual and State responsibility\u201d, the experts continued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts said that all \u201cindiscriminate or deliberate bombardment of civilians and towers housing civilians, media organizations and refugee camps in Gaza and Israel are war crimes that are, prima facie, not justified by the requirements of proportionality and necessity under international law. All parties who engage in such attacks must bear individual and State responsibility as appropriate.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Independent Special Rapporteurs, are appointed by the UN Human Rights Council<\/a> to monitor specific countries or thematic issues.\u202f They serve in their individual capacity and are not UN staff, nor are they paid by the Organization.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ceasefire can\u2019t hide scale of destruction in Gaza, UN warns, as rights experts call for ICC probe","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ceasefire-cant-hide-scale-of-destruction-in-gaza-un-warns-as-rights-experts-call-for-icc-probe","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5276","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5264,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wie selbst die mauretanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IBI World Frankreich \u2013 9. Mai 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endloser Sand. Wie in einem Albtraum. Eine Landschaft, in der kein Punkt unterschieden werden kann, um es mit Gedanken zu erfassen, keine richtige Richtung gibt. Es hei\u00dft Mauretanien und ist eines der \u00e4rmsten L\u00e4nder der Welt (157.), da hier fast zwei Drittel der Menschen von weniger als 5 US-Dollar pro Tag leben und noch nicht lesen und schreiben k\u00f6nnen[1]<\/a>. Man k\u00f6nnte denken, dass es eine Nation ist, die niemanden interessiert, deren Au\u00dfenpolitik sich darauf beschr\u00e4nkt, um Hilfe von reicheren L\u00e4ndern zu bitten und Konflikte zu vermeiden, die sowohl sozial als auch wirtschaftlich nicht \u00fcberlebbar w\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

Ashraf and four daughters dressed up for Eid holiday, celebrated a week late, in Gaza.Daniel Estrin\/NPR<\/em><\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

That destruction means a need for major rebuilding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hundreds of homes and businesses were damaged or destroyed. For now, Gazans are marking the rubble with signs that carry the name and phone number of the owner, so that they can be contacted when aid arrives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And there is the present danger of unexploded bombs. Also on Al Wahida Street, workers were removing two large unexploded missiles, under the watch of militants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fighting has stopped for now, but dangerous clearance work lies ahead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NPR's Daniel Estrin reported from Gaza City. NPR's Laurel Wamsley reported from Washington, D.C.<\/em><\/p>\n","post_title":"The Bombing Has Stopped, But Pain And Destruction Remain In Gaza City","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"the-bombing-has-stopped-but-pain-and-destruction-remain-in-gaza-city","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5288","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5276,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 21 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/news.un.org\/en\/story\/2021\/05\/1092482<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Speaking from Gaza, Matthias Schmale from the UN relief agency for Palestinians UNRWA, said that there was no \u201cgoing back to normal\u201d in the enclave, after more than 10 days of rocket fire and airstrike exchanges between the warring parties that have killed more than 250 people and injured thousands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cGoing back to normal life means having to watch very carefully where we are going; unexploded devices, we know that at least one school, one of our 278 schools, where we have established two deeply buried bombs, and we have alerted the Israeli authorities\u201d, he said. \u201cObviously we cannot just rush back into our buildings and schools, we have to make sure they\u2019re safe.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The senior UNRWA official also noted that the Kerem Shalom crossing was due to open for several hours on Friday but that for the duration of the clashes, it had not been possible to get people out for medical treatment, or aid reinforcements in.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mr. Schmale noted that UNRWA staff who are mainly residents of the region said that the violence had been \u201cworse in intensity and terror than 2014\u201d, before echoing the UN Secretary-General\u2019s call<\/a> for a meaningful political process to resolve the grievances of both Palestinians and Israelis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

War still looms<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNormality here also means 50 per cent employed and rising...I\u2019m convinced after being here two and a half years that we will be back in war unless underlying causes are not addressed; and from a Gaza perspective that means giving people and especially young people a dignified perspective of a dignified life\u201d, he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf you have your own money and take home your own money to buy food instead of depending on handouts from the UN\u201d, the top UN official added, \u201cyou\u2019re less likely to run into groupings like Hamas\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The UN Emergency Relief Coordinator, Mark Lowcock, allocated $4.5 million towards the cost of meeting rising needs across Gaza on Friday. The money comes from the Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF<\/a>), which is in addition to some $18 million allocated from the Occupied Palestinian Territory Humanitarian Fund, making for a total of $22.5 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is expected that an inter-agency Flash Appeal for the occupied Palestinian territory will be issued next week. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

UNICEF delivers aid containers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The UN Children\u2019s Fund, UNICEF<\/a>, delivered 18 containers of aid on Friday following the resumption of relative calm in the Gaza Strip, through the Kerem Shalom crossing, to support children and families in need.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Among the items delivered were first-aid kits, blood supply bags and solution, fire extinguishers, antibiotics and other infection-control kits, together with 10,000 doses of the Sinopharm\u00a0COVID-19<\/a>\u00a0vaccine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe are extremely thankful that a ceasefire agreement in the Gaza strip came into effect at 2am this morning, because the human toll there has been huge\u201d, said Lucia Elmi<\/a>, UNICEF Special Representative in Palestine. \u201cThis will allow families to have much-needed respite and allow for the delivery of much-needed humanitarian assistance and personnel to the Gaza Strip\u201d, she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

UN rights experts call for ICC probe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

UN independent human rights experts on Friday called on all parties<\/a> to the conflict in Gaza and Israel to respect the ceasefire, and urged an investigation by the International Criminal Court<\/a> (ICC) into the attacks on civilian populations and other \u201cgross violations of human rights\u201d, according to a statement released through the UN rights office (OHCHR<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts pointed to the forced evictions of Palestinian families living in Sheikh Jarrah and Silwan, in Occupied East Jerusalem, as the spark that set off a full-blown war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They said that at least 222 people, including 63 children, were killed in Gaza and 12 people died in Israel as a result of the fighting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More than 450 buildings in the Gaza Strip were completely destroyed or damaged by missiles, the statement continued. Among them were six hospitals, nine healthcare centres and a water desalination plant, supplying around 250,000 Palestinians with clean drinking water, as well as a tower which housed media outlets including the Al Jazeera network, and Associated Press (AP). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Asymmetry of power\u2019<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOwing to the vast asymmetry of power, the victims of this conflict are disproportionately Palestinians in Gaza, of whom over 74,000 have been forcibly displaced and made homeless, mostly women and children\u201d, the experts said. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe conflict has led to a new wave of unprecedented mass destruction of civilian homes and infrastructure, including electrical grids in Gaza, and indiscriminate or deliberate missile attacks on civilians and residential areas in Israel and Gaza, that violate not only international human rights standards, but amount as well to crimes under international law for which there is individual and State responsibility\u201d, the experts continued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts said that all \u201cindiscriminate or deliberate bombardment of civilians and towers housing civilians, media organizations and refugee camps in Gaza and Israel are war crimes that are, prima facie, not justified by the requirements of proportionality and necessity under international law. All parties who engage in such attacks must bear individual and State responsibility as appropriate.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Independent Special Rapporteurs, are appointed by the UN Human Rights Council<\/a> to monitor specific countries or thematic issues.\u202f They serve in their individual capacity and are not UN staff, nor are they paid by the Organization.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ceasefire can\u2019t hide scale of destruction in Gaza, UN warns, as rights experts call for ICC probe","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ceasefire-cant-hide-scale-of-destruction-in-gaza-un-warns-as-rights-experts-call-for-icc-probe","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5276","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5264,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wie selbst die mauretanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IBI World Frankreich \u2013 9. Mai 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endloser Sand. Wie in einem Albtraum. Eine Landschaft, in der kein Punkt unterschieden werden kann, um es mit Gedanken zu erfassen, keine richtige Richtung gibt. Es hei\u00dft Mauretanien und ist eines der \u00e4rmsten L\u00e4nder der Welt (157.), da hier fast zwei Drittel der Menschen von weniger als 5 US-Dollar pro Tag leben und noch nicht lesen und schreiben k\u00f6nnen[1]<\/a>. Man k\u00f6nnte denken, dass es eine Nation ist, die niemanden interessiert, deren Au\u00dfenpolitik sich darauf beschr\u00e4nkt, um Hilfe von reicheren L\u00e4ndern zu bitten und Konflikte zu vermeiden, die sowohl sozial als auch wirtschaftlich nicht \u00fcberlebbar w\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n
\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ashraf and four daughters dressed up for Eid holiday, celebrated a week late, in Gaza.Daniel Estrin\/NPR<\/em><\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

That destruction means a need for major rebuilding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hundreds of homes and businesses were damaged or destroyed. For now, Gazans are marking the rubble with signs that carry the name and phone number of the owner, so that they can be contacted when aid arrives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And there is the present danger of unexploded bombs. Also on Al Wahida Street, workers were removing two large unexploded missiles, under the watch of militants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fighting has stopped for now, but dangerous clearance work lies ahead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NPR's Daniel Estrin reported from Gaza City. NPR's Laurel Wamsley reported from Washington, D.C.<\/em><\/p>\n","post_title":"The Bombing Has Stopped, But Pain And Destruction Remain In Gaza City","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"the-bombing-has-stopped-but-pain-and-destruction-remain-in-gaza-city","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5288","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5276,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 21 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/news.un.org\/en\/story\/2021\/05\/1092482<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Speaking from Gaza, Matthias Schmale from the UN relief agency for Palestinians UNRWA, said that there was no \u201cgoing back to normal\u201d in the enclave, after more than 10 days of rocket fire and airstrike exchanges between the warring parties that have killed more than 250 people and injured thousands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cGoing back to normal life means having to watch very carefully where we are going; unexploded devices, we know that at least one school, one of our 278 schools, where we have established two deeply buried bombs, and we have alerted the Israeli authorities\u201d, he said. \u201cObviously we cannot just rush back into our buildings and schools, we have to make sure they\u2019re safe.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The senior UNRWA official also noted that the Kerem Shalom crossing was due to open for several hours on Friday but that for the duration of the clashes, it had not been possible to get people out for medical treatment, or aid reinforcements in.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mr. Schmale noted that UNRWA staff who are mainly residents of the region said that the violence had been \u201cworse in intensity and terror than 2014\u201d, before echoing the UN Secretary-General\u2019s call<\/a> for a meaningful political process to resolve the grievances of both Palestinians and Israelis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

War still looms<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNormality here also means 50 per cent employed and rising...I\u2019m convinced after being here two and a half years that we will be back in war unless underlying causes are not addressed; and from a Gaza perspective that means giving people and especially young people a dignified perspective of a dignified life\u201d, he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf you have your own money and take home your own money to buy food instead of depending on handouts from the UN\u201d, the top UN official added, \u201cyou\u2019re less likely to run into groupings like Hamas\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The UN Emergency Relief Coordinator, Mark Lowcock, allocated $4.5 million towards the cost of meeting rising needs across Gaza on Friday. The money comes from the Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF<\/a>), which is in addition to some $18 million allocated from the Occupied Palestinian Territory Humanitarian Fund, making for a total of $22.5 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is expected that an inter-agency Flash Appeal for the occupied Palestinian territory will be issued next week. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

UNICEF delivers aid containers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The UN Children\u2019s Fund, UNICEF<\/a>, delivered 18 containers of aid on Friday following the resumption of relative calm in the Gaza Strip, through the Kerem Shalom crossing, to support children and families in need.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Among the items delivered were first-aid kits, blood supply bags and solution, fire extinguishers, antibiotics and other infection-control kits, together with 10,000 doses of the Sinopharm\u00a0COVID-19<\/a>\u00a0vaccine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe are extremely thankful that a ceasefire agreement in the Gaza strip came into effect at 2am this morning, because the human toll there has been huge\u201d, said Lucia Elmi<\/a>, UNICEF Special Representative in Palestine. \u201cThis will allow families to have much-needed respite and allow for the delivery of much-needed humanitarian assistance and personnel to the Gaza Strip\u201d, she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

UN rights experts call for ICC probe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

UN independent human rights experts on Friday called on all parties<\/a> to the conflict in Gaza and Israel to respect the ceasefire, and urged an investigation by the International Criminal Court<\/a> (ICC) into the attacks on civilian populations and other \u201cgross violations of human rights\u201d, according to a statement released through the UN rights office (OHCHR<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts pointed to the forced evictions of Palestinian families living in Sheikh Jarrah and Silwan, in Occupied East Jerusalem, as the spark that set off a full-blown war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They said that at least 222 people, including 63 children, were killed in Gaza and 12 people died in Israel as a result of the fighting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More than 450 buildings in the Gaza Strip were completely destroyed or damaged by missiles, the statement continued. Among them were six hospitals, nine healthcare centres and a water desalination plant, supplying around 250,000 Palestinians with clean drinking water, as well as a tower which housed media outlets including the Al Jazeera network, and Associated Press (AP). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Asymmetry of power\u2019<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOwing to the vast asymmetry of power, the victims of this conflict are disproportionately Palestinians in Gaza, of whom over 74,000 have been forcibly displaced and made homeless, mostly women and children\u201d, the experts said. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe conflict has led to a new wave of unprecedented mass destruction of civilian homes and infrastructure, including electrical grids in Gaza, and indiscriminate or deliberate missile attacks on civilians and residential areas in Israel and Gaza, that violate not only international human rights standards, but amount as well to crimes under international law for which there is individual and State responsibility\u201d, the experts continued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts said that all \u201cindiscriminate or deliberate bombardment of civilians and towers housing civilians, media organizations and refugee camps in Gaza and Israel are war crimes that are, prima facie, not justified by the requirements of proportionality and necessity under international law. All parties who engage in such attacks must bear individual and State responsibility as appropriate.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Independent Special Rapporteurs, are appointed by the UN Human Rights Council<\/a> to monitor specific countries or thematic issues.\u202f They serve in their individual capacity and are not UN staff, nor are they paid by the Organization.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ceasefire can\u2019t hide scale of destruction in Gaza, UN warns, as rights experts call for ICC probe","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ceasefire-cant-hide-scale-of-destruction-in-gaza-un-warns-as-rights-experts-call-for-icc-probe","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5276","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5264,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wie selbst die mauretanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IBI World Frankreich \u2013 9. Mai 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endloser Sand. Wie in einem Albtraum. Eine Landschaft, in der kein Punkt unterschieden werden kann, um es mit Gedanken zu erfassen, keine richtige Richtung gibt. Es hei\u00dft Mauretanien und ist eines der \u00e4rmsten L\u00e4nder der Welt (157.), da hier fast zwei Drittel der Menschen von weniger als 5 US-Dollar pro Tag leben und noch nicht lesen und schreiben k\u00f6nnen[1]<\/a>. Man k\u00f6nnte denken, dass es eine Nation ist, die niemanden interessiert, deren Au\u00dfenpolitik sich darauf beschr\u00e4nkt, um Hilfe von reicheren L\u00e4ndern zu bitten und Konflikte zu vermeiden, die sowohl sozial als auch wirtschaftlich nicht \u00fcberlebbar w\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

In a video-game shop, a young gamer named Hossam Ashour said that Hamas and Palestinians were defending Jerusalem, its Al-Aqsa Mosque and a neighborhood where Israel was set to evict Palestinians. Still, he said, Gazans don't deserve all this death and destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ashraf and four daughters dressed up for Eid holiday, celebrated a week late, in Gaza.Daniel Estrin\/NPR<\/em><\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

That destruction means a need for major rebuilding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hundreds of homes and businesses were damaged or destroyed. For now, Gazans are marking the rubble with signs that carry the name and phone number of the owner, so that they can be contacted when aid arrives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And there is the present danger of unexploded bombs. Also on Al Wahida Street, workers were removing two large unexploded missiles, under the watch of militants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fighting has stopped for now, but dangerous clearance work lies ahead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NPR's Daniel Estrin reported from Gaza City. NPR's Laurel Wamsley reported from Washington, D.C.<\/em><\/p>\n","post_title":"The Bombing Has Stopped, But Pain And Destruction Remain In Gaza City","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"the-bombing-has-stopped-but-pain-and-destruction-remain-in-gaza-city","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5288","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5276,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 21 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/news.un.org\/en\/story\/2021\/05\/1092482<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Speaking from Gaza, Matthias Schmale from the UN relief agency for Palestinians UNRWA, said that there was no \u201cgoing back to normal\u201d in the enclave, after more than 10 days of rocket fire and airstrike exchanges between the warring parties that have killed more than 250 people and injured thousands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cGoing back to normal life means having to watch very carefully where we are going; unexploded devices, we know that at least one school, one of our 278 schools, where we have established two deeply buried bombs, and we have alerted the Israeli authorities\u201d, he said. \u201cObviously we cannot just rush back into our buildings and schools, we have to make sure they\u2019re safe.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The senior UNRWA official also noted that the Kerem Shalom crossing was due to open for several hours on Friday but that for the duration of the clashes, it had not been possible to get people out for medical treatment, or aid reinforcements in.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mr. Schmale noted that UNRWA staff who are mainly residents of the region said that the violence had been \u201cworse in intensity and terror than 2014\u201d, before echoing the UN Secretary-General\u2019s call<\/a> for a meaningful political process to resolve the grievances of both Palestinians and Israelis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

War still looms<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNormality here also means 50 per cent employed and rising...I\u2019m convinced after being here two and a half years that we will be back in war unless underlying causes are not addressed; and from a Gaza perspective that means giving people and especially young people a dignified perspective of a dignified life\u201d, he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf you have your own money and take home your own money to buy food instead of depending on handouts from the UN\u201d, the top UN official added, \u201cyou\u2019re less likely to run into groupings like Hamas\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The UN Emergency Relief Coordinator, Mark Lowcock, allocated $4.5 million towards the cost of meeting rising needs across Gaza on Friday. The money comes from the Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF<\/a>), which is in addition to some $18 million allocated from the Occupied Palestinian Territory Humanitarian Fund, making for a total of $22.5 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is expected that an inter-agency Flash Appeal for the occupied Palestinian territory will be issued next week. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

UNICEF delivers aid containers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The UN Children\u2019s Fund, UNICEF<\/a>, delivered 18 containers of aid on Friday following the resumption of relative calm in the Gaza Strip, through the Kerem Shalom crossing, to support children and families in need.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Among the items delivered were first-aid kits, blood supply bags and solution, fire extinguishers, antibiotics and other infection-control kits, together with 10,000 doses of the Sinopharm\u00a0COVID-19<\/a>\u00a0vaccine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe are extremely thankful that a ceasefire agreement in the Gaza strip came into effect at 2am this morning, because the human toll there has been huge\u201d, said Lucia Elmi<\/a>, UNICEF Special Representative in Palestine. \u201cThis will allow families to have much-needed respite and allow for the delivery of much-needed humanitarian assistance and personnel to the Gaza Strip\u201d, she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

UN rights experts call for ICC probe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

UN independent human rights experts on Friday called on all parties<\/a> to the conflict in Gaza and Israel to respect the ceasefire, and urged an investigation by the International Criminal Court<\/a> (ICC) into the attacks on civilian populations and other \u201cgross violations of human rights\u201d, according to a statement released through the UN rights office (OHCHR<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts pointed to the forced evictions of Palestinian families living in Sheikh Jarrah and Silwan, in Occupied East Jerusalem, as the spark that set off a full-blown war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They said that at least 222 people, including 63 children, were killed in Gaza and 12 people died in Israel as a result of the fighting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More than 450 buildings in the Gaza Strip were completely destroyed or damaged by missiles, the statement continued. Among them were six hospitals, nine healthcare centres and a water desalination plant, supplying around 250,000 Palestinians with clean drinking water, as well as a tower which housed media outlets including the Al Jazeera network, and Associated Press (AP). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Asymmetry of power\u2019<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOwing to the vast asymmetry of power, the victims of this conflict are disproportionately Palestinians in Gaza, of whom over 74,000 have been forcibly displaced and made homeless, mostly women and children\u201d, the experts said. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe conflict has led to a new wave of unprecedented mass destruction of civilian homes and infrastructure, including electrical grids in Gaza, and indiscriminate or deliberate missile attacks on civilians and residential areas in Israel and Gaza, that violate not only international human rights standards, but amount as well to crimes under international law for which there is individual and State responsibility\u201d, the experts continued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts said that all \u201cindiscriminate or deliberate bombardment of civilians and towers housing civilians, media organizations and refugee camps in Gaza and Israel are war crimes that are, prima facie, not justified by the requirements of proportionality and necessity under international law. All parties who engage in such attacks must bear individual and State responsibility as appropriate.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Independent Special Rapporteurs, are appointed by the UN Human Rights Council<\/a> to monitor specific countries or thematic issues.\u202f They serve in their individual capacity and are not UN staff, nor are they paid by the Organization.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ceasefire can\u2019t hide scale of destruction in Gaza, UN warns, as rights experts call for ICC probe","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ceasefire-cant-hide-scale-of-destruction-in-gaza-un-warns-as-rights-experts-call-for-icc-probe","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5276","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5264,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wie selbst die mauretanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IBI World Frankreich \u2013 9. Mai 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endloser Sand. Wie in einem Albtraum. Eine Landschaft, in der kein Punkt unterschieden werden kann, um es mit Gedanken zu erfassen, keine richtige Richtung gibt. Es hei\u00dft Mauretanien und ist eines der \u00e4rmsten L\u00e4nder der Welt (157.), da hier fast zwei Drittel der Menschen von weniger als 5 US-Dollar pro Tag leben und noch nicht lesen und schreiben k\u00f6nnen[1]<\/a>. Man k\u00f6nnte denken, dass es eine Nation ist, die niemanden interessiert, deren Au\u00dfenpolitik sich darauf beschr\u00e4nkt, um Hilfe von reicheren L\u00e4ndern zu bitten und Konflikte zu vermeiden, die sowohl sozial als auch wirtschaftlich nicht \u00fcberlebbar w\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

Who won this battle? Gazans say that they did.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a video-game shop, a young gamer named Hossam Ashour said that Hamas and Palestinians were defending Jerusalem, its Al-Aqsa Mosque and a neighborhood where Israel was set to evict Palestinians. Still, he said, Gazans don't deserve all this death and destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ashraf and four daughters dressed up for Eid holiday, celebrated a week late, in Gaza.Daniel Estrin\/NPR<\/em><\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

That destruction means a need for major rebuilding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hundreds of homes and businesses were damaged or destroyed. For now, Gazans are marking the rubble with signs that carry the name and phone number of the owner, so that they can be contacted when aid arrives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And there is the present danger of unexploded bombs. Also on Al Wahida Street, workers were removing two large unexploded missiles, under the watch of militants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fighting has stopped for now, but dangerous clearance work lies ahead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NPR's Daniel Estrin reported from Gaza City. NPR's Laurel Wamsley reported from Washington, D.C.<\/em><\/p>\n","post_title":"The Bombing Has Stopped, But Pain And Destruction Remain In Gaza City","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"the-bombing-has-stopped-but-pain-and-destruction-remain-in-gaza-city","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5288","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5276,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 21 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/news.un.org\/en\/story\/2021\/05\/1092482<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Speaking from Gaza, Matthias Schmale from the UN relief agency for Palestinians UNRWA, said that there was no \u201cgoing back to normal\u201d in the enclave, after more than 10 days of rocket fire and airstrike exchanges between the warring parties that have killed more than 250 people and injured thousands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cGoing back to normal life means having to watch very carefully where we are going; unexploded devices, we know that at least one school, one of our 278 schools, where we have established two deeply buried bombs, and we have alerted the Israeli authorities\u201d, he said. \u201cObviously we cannot just rush back into our buildings and schools, we have to make sure they\u2019re safe.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The senior UNRWA official also noted that the Kerem Shalom crossing was due to open for several hours on Friday but that for the duration of the clashes, it had not been possible to get people out for medical treatment, or aid reinforcements in.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mr. Schmale noted that UNRWA staff who are mainly residents of the region said that the violence had been \u201cworse in intensity and terror than 2014\u201d, before echoing the UN Secretary-General\u2019s call<\/a> for a meaningful political process to resolve the grievances of both Palestinians and Israelis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

War still looms<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNormality here also means 50 per cent employed and rising...I\u2019m convinced after being here two and a half years that we will be back in war unless underlying causes are not addressed; and from a Gaza perspective that means giving people and especially young people a dignified perspective of a dignified life\u201d, he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf you have your own money and take home your own money to buy food instead of depending on handouts from the UN\u201d, the top UN official added, \u201cyou\u2019re less likely to run into groupings like Hamas\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The UN Emergency Relief Coordinator, Mark Lowcock, allocated $4.5 million towards the cost of meeting rising needs across Gaza on Friday. The money comes from the Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF<\/a>), which is in addition to some $18 million allocated from the Occupied Palestinian Territory Humanitarian Fund, making for a total of $22.5 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is expected that an inter-agency Flash Appeal for the occupied Palestinian territory will be issued next week. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

UNICEF delivers aid containers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The UN Children\u2019s Fund, UNICEF<\/a>, delivered 18 containers of aid on Friday following the resumption of relative calm in the Gaza Strip, through the Kerem Shalom crossing, to support children and families in need.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Among the items delivered were first-aid kits, blood supply bags and solution, fire extinguishers, antibiotics and other infection-control kits, together with 10,000 doses of the Sinopharm\u00a0COVID-19<\/a>\u00a0vaccine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe are extremely thankful that a ceasefire agreement in the Gaza strip came into effect at 2am this morning, because the human toll there has been huge\u201d, said Lucia Elmi<\/a>, UNICEF Special Representative in Palestine. \u201cThis will allow families to have much-needed respite and allow for the delivery of much-needed humanitarian assistance and personnel to the Gaza Strip\u201d, she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

UN rights experts call for ICC probe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

UN independent human rights experts on Friday called on all parties<\/a> to the conflict in Gaza and Israel to respect the ceasefire, and urged an investigation by the International Criminal Court<\/a> (ICC) into the attacks on civilian populations and other \u201cgross violations of human rights\u201d, according to a statement released through the UN rights office (OHCHR<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts pointed to the forced evictions of Palestinian families living in Sheikh Jarrah and Silwan, in Occupied East Jerusalem, as the spark that set off a full-blown war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They said that at least 222 people, including 63 children, were killed in Gaza and 12 people died in Israel as a result of the fighting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More than 450 buildings in the Gaza Strip were completely destroyed or damaged by missiles, the statement continued. Among them were six hospitals, nine healthcare centres and a water desalination plant, supplying around 250,000 Palestinians with clean drinking water, as well as a tower which housed media outlets including the Al Jazeera network, and Associated Press (AP). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Asymmetry of power\u2019<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOwing to the vast asymmetry of power, the victims of this conflict are disproportionately Palestinians in Gaza, of whom over 74,000 have been forcibly displaced and made homeless, mostly women and children\u201d, the experts said. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe conflict has led to a new wave of unprecedented mass destruction of civilian homes and infrastructure, including electrical grids in Gaza, and indiscriminate or deliberate missile attacks on civilians and residential areas in Israel and Gaza, that violate not only international human rights standards, but amount as well to crimes under international law for which there is individual and State responsibility\u201d, the experts continued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts said that all \u201cindiscriminate or deliberate bombardment of civilians and towers housing civilians, media organizations and refugee camps in Gaza and Israel are war crimes that are, prima facie, not justified by the requirements of proportionality and necessity under international law. All parties who engage in such attacks must bear individual and State responsibility as appropriate.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Independent Special Rapporteurs, are appointed by the UN Human Rights Council<\/a> to monitor specific countries or thematic issues.\u202f They serve in their individual capacity and are not UN staff, nor are they paid by the Organization.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ceasefire can\u2019t hide scale of destruction in Gaza, UN warns, as rights experts call for ICC probe","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ceasefire-cant-hide-scale-of-destruction-in-gaza-un-warns-as-rights-experts-call-for-icc-probe","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5276","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5264,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wie selbst die mauretanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IBI World Frankreich \u2013 9. Mai 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endloser Sand. Wie in einem Albtraum. Eine Landschaft, in der kein Punkt unterschieden werden kann, um es mit Gedanken zu erfassen, keine richtige Richtung gibt. Es hei\u00dft Mauretanien und ist eines der \u00e4rmsten L\u00e4nder der Welt (157.), da hier fast zwei Drittel der Menschen von weniger als 5 US-Dollar pro Tag leben und noch nicht lesen und schreiben k\u00f6nnen[1]<\/a>. Man k\u00f6nnte denken, dass es eine Nation ist, die niemanden interessiert, deren Au\u00dfenpolitik sich darauf beschr\u00e4nkt, um Hilfe von reicheren L\u00e4ndern zu bitten und Konflikte zu vermeiden, die sowohl sozial als auch wirtschaftlich nicht \u00fcberlebbar w\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

The street is now a wall of rubble where apartments stood. A sofa lay crushed under a large piece of cement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who won this battle? Gazans say that they did.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a video-game shop, a young gamer named Hossam Ashour said that Hamas and Palestinians were defending Jerusalem, its Al-Aqsa Mosque and a neighborhood where Israel was set to evict Palestinians. Still, he said, Gazans don't deserve all this death and destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ashraf and four daughters dressed up for Eid holiday, celebrated a week late, in Gaza.Daniel Estrin\/NPR<\/em><\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

That destruction means a need for major rebuilding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hundreds of homes and businesses were damaged or destroyed. For now, Gazans are marking the rubble with signs that carry the name and phone number of the owner, so that they can be contacted when aid arrives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And there is the present danger of unexploded bombs. Also on Al Wahida Street, workers were removing two large unexploded missiles, under the watch of militants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fighting has stopped for now, but dangerous clearance work lies ahead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NPR's Daniel Estrin reported from Gaza City. NPR's Laurel Wamsley reported from Washington, D.C.<\/em><\/p>\n","post_title":"The Bombing Has Stopped, But Pain And Destruction Remain In Gaza City","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"the-bombing-has-stopped-but-pain-and-destruction-remain-in-gaza-city","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5288","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5276,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 21 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/news.un.org\/en\/story\/2021\/05\/1092482<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Speaking from Gaza, Matthias Schmale from the UN relief agency for Palestinians UNRWA, said that there was no \u201cgoing back to normal\u201d in the enclave, after more than 10 days of rocket fire and airstrike exchanges between the warring parties that have killed more than 250 people and injured thousands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cGoing back to normal life means having to watch very carefully where we are going; unexploded devices, we know that at least one school, one of our 278 schools, where we have established two deeply buried bombs, and we have alerted the Israeli authorities\u201d, he said. \u201cObviously we cannot just rush back into our buildings and schools, we have to make sure they\u2019re safe.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The senior UNRWA official also noted that the Kerem Shalom crossing was due to open for several hours on Friday but that for the duration of the clashes, it had not been possible to get people out for medical treatment, or aid reinforcements in.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mr. Schmale noted that UNRWA staff who are mainly residents of the region said that the violence had been \u201cworse in intensity and terror than 2014\u201d, before echoing the UN Secretary-General\u2019s call<\/a> for a meaningful political process to resolve the grievances of both Palestinians and Israelis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

War still looms<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNormality here also means 50 per cent employed and rising...I\u2019m convinced after being here two and a half years that we will be back in war unless underlying causes are not addressed; and from a Gaza perspective that means giving people and especially young people a dignified perspective of a dignified life\u201d, he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf you have your own money and take home your own money to buy food instead of depending on handouts from the UN\u201d, the top UN official added, \u201cyou\u2019re less likely to run into groupings like Hamas\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The UN Emergency Relief Coordinator, Mark Lowcock, allocated $4.5 million towards the cost of meeting rising needs across Gaza on Friday. The money comes from the Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF<\/a>), which is in addition to some $18 million allocated from the Occupied Palestinian Territory Humanitarian Fund, making for a total of $22.5 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is expected that an inter-agency Flash Appeal for the occupied Palestinian territory will be issued next week. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

UNICEF delivers aid containers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The UN Children\u2019s Fund, UNICEF<\/a>, delivered 18 containers of aid on Friday following the resumption of relative calm in the Gaza Strip, through the Kerem Shalom crossing, to support children and families in need.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Among the items delivered were first-aid kits, blood supply bags and solution, fire extinguishers, antibiotics and other infection-control kits, together with 10,000 doses of the Sinopharm\u00a0COVID-19<\/a>\u00a0vaccine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe are extremely thankful that a ceasefire agreement in the Gaza strip came into effect at 2am this morning, because the human toll there has been huge\u201d, said Lucia Elmi<\/a>, UNICEF Special Representative in Palestine. \u201cThis will allow families to have much-needed respite and allow for the delivery of much-needed humanitarian assistance and personnel to the Gaza Strip\u201d, she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

UN rights experts call for ICC probe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

UN independent human rights experts on Friday called on all parties<\/a> to the conflict in Gaza and Israel to respect the ceasefire, and urged an investigation by the International Criminal Court<\/a> (ICC) into the attacks on civilian populations and other \u201cgross violations of human rights\u201d, according to a statement released through the UN rights office (OHCHR<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts pointed to the forced evictions of Palestinian families living in Sheikh Jarrah and Silwan, in Occupied East Jerusalem, as the spark that set off a full-blown war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They said that at least 222 people, including 63 children, were killed in Gaza and 12 people died in Israel as a result of the fighting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More than 450 buildings in the Gaza Strip were completely destroyed or damaged by missiles, the statement continued. Among them were six hospitals, nine healthcare centres and a water desalination plant, supplying around 250,000 Palestinians with clean drinking water, as well as a tower which housed media outlets including the Al Jazeera network, and Associated Press (AP). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Asymmetry of power\u2019<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOwing to the vast asymmetry of power, the victims of this conflict are disproportionately Palestinians in Gaza, of whom over 74,000 have been forcibly displaced and made homeless, mostly women and children\u201d, the experts said. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe conflict has led to a new wave of unprecedented mass destruction of civilian homes and infrastructure, including electrical grids in Gaza, and indiscriminate or deliberate missile attacks on civilians and residential areas in Israel and Gaza, that violate not only international human rights standards, but amount as well to crimes under international law for which there is individual and State responsibility\u201d, the experts continued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts said that all \u201cindiscriminate or deliberate bombardment of civilians and towers housing civilians, media organizations and refugee camps in Gaza and Israel are war crimes that are, prima facie, not justified by the requirements of proportionality and necessity under international law. All parties who engage in such attacks must bear individual and State responsibility as appropriate.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Independent Special Rapporteurs, are appointed by the UN Human Rights Council<\/a> to monitor specific countries or thematic issues.\u202f They serve in their individual capacity and are not UN staff, nor are they paid by the Organization.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ceasefire can\u2019t hide scale of destruction in Gaza, UN warns, as rights experts call for ICC probe","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ceasefire-cant-hide-scale-of-destruction-in-gaza-un-warns-as-rights-experts-call-for-icc-probe","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5276","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5264,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wie selbst die mauretanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IBI World Frankreich \u2013 9. Mai 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endloser Sand. Wie in einem Albtraum. Eine Landschaft, in der kein Punkt unterschieden werden kann, um es mit Gedanken zu erfassen, keine richtige Richtung gibt. Es hei\u00dft Mauretanien und ist eines der \u00e4rmsten L\u00e4nder der Welt (157.), da hier fast zwei Drittel der Menschen von weniger als 5 US-Dollar pro Tag leben und noch nicht lesen und schreiben k\u00f6nnen[1]<\/a>. Man k\u00f6nnte denken, dass es eine Nation ist, die niemanden interessiert, deren Au\u00dfenpolitik sich darauf beschr\u00e4nkt, um Hilfe von reicheren L\u00e4ndern zu bitten und Konflikte zu vermeiden, die sowohl sozial als auch wirtschaftlich nicht \u00fcberlebbar w\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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On Al Wahida Street, Israeli airstrikes killed more than 40 people, according to Gaza health officials. A few buildings on the street collapsed, burying families alive. Israel says it was attacking a militant tunnel deep underground and that the buildings' foundations collapsed.Article continues after sponsor message<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The street is now a wall of rubble where apartments stood. A sofa lay crushed under a large piece of cement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who won this battle? Gazans say that they did.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a video-game shop, a young gamer named Hossam Ashour said that Hamas and Palestinians were defending Jerusalem, its Al-Aqsa Mosque and a neighborhood where Israel was set to evict Palestinians. Still, he said, Gazans don't deserve all this death and destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ashraf and four daughters dressed up for Eid holiday, celebrated a week late, in Gaza.Daniel Estrin\/NPR<\/em><\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

That destruction means a need for major rebuilding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hundreds of homes and businesses were damaged or destroyed. For now, Gazans are marking the rubble with signs that carry the name and phone number of the owner, so that they can be contacted when aid arrives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And there is the present danger of unexploded bombs. Also on Al Wahida Street, workers were removing two large unexploded missiles, under the watch of militants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fighting has stopped for now, but dangerous clearance work lies ahead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NPR's Daniel Estrin reported from Gaza City. NPR's Laurel Wamsley reported from Washington, D.C.<\/em><\/p>\n","post_title":"The Bombing Has Stopped, But Pain And Destruction Remain In Gaza City","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"the-bombing-has-stopped-but-pain-and-destruction-remain-in-gaza-city","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5288","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5276,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 21 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/news.un.org\/en\/story\/2021\/05\/1092482<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Speaking from Gaza, Matthias Schmale from the UN relief agency for Palestinians UNRWA, said that there was no \u201cgoing back to normal\u201d in the enclave, after more than 10 days of rocket fire and airstrike exchanges between the warring parties that have killed more than 250 people and injured thousands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cGoing back to normal life means having to watch very carefully where we are going; unexploded devices, we know that at least one school, one of our 278 schools, where we have established two deeply buried bombs, and we have alerted the Israeli authorities\u201d, he said. \u201cObviously we cannot just rush back into our buildings and schools, we have to make sure they\u2019re safe.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The senior UNRWA official also noted that the Kerem Shalom crossing was due to open for several hours on Friday but that for the duration of the clashes, it had not been possible to get people out for medical treatment, or aid reinforcements in.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mr. Schmale noted that UNRWA staff who are mainly residents of the region said that the violence had been \u201cworse in intensity and terror than 2014\u201d, before echoing the UN Secretary-General\u2019s call<\/a> for a meaningful political process to resolve the grievances of both Palestinians and Israelis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

War still looms<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNormality here also means 50 per cent employed and rising...I\u2019m convinced after being here two and a half years that we will be back in war unless underlying causes are not addressed; and from a Gaza perspective that means giving people and especially young people a dignified perspective of a dignified life\u201d, he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf you have your own money and take home your own money to buy food instead of depending on handouts from the UN\u201d, the top UN official added, \u201cyou\u2019re less likely to run into groupings like Hamas\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The UN Emergency Relief Coordinator, Mark Lowcock, allocated $4.5 million towards the cost of meeting rising needs across Gaza on Friday. The money comes from the Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF<\/a>), which is in addition to some $18 million allocated from the Occupied Palestinian Territory Humanitarian Fund, making for a total of $22.5 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is expected that an inter-agency Flash Appeal for the occupied Palestinian territory will be issued next week. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

UNICEF delivers aid containers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The UN Children\u2019s Fund, UNICEF<\/a>, delivered 18 containers of aid on Friday following the resumption of relative calm in the Gaza Strip, through the Kerem Shalom crossing, to support children and families in need.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Among the items delivered were first-aid kits, blood supply bags and solution, fire extinguishers, antibiotics and other infection-control kits, together with 10,000 doses of the Sinopharm\u00a0COVID-19<\/a>\u00a0vaccine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe are extremely thankful that a ceasefire agreement in the Gaza strip came into effect at 2am this morning, because the human toll there has been huge\u201d, said Lucia Elmi<\/a>, UNICEF Special Representative in Palestine. \u201cThis will allow families to have much-needed respite and allow for the delivery of much-needed humanitarian assistance and personnel to the Gaza Strip\u201d, she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

UN rights experts call for ICC probe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

UN independent human rights experts on Friday called on all parties<\/a> to the conflict in Gaza and Israel to respect the ceasefire, and urged an investigation by the International Criminal Court<\/a> (ICC) into the attacks on civilian populations and other \u201cgross violations of human rights\u201d, according to a statement released through the UN rights office (OHCHR<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts pointed to the forced evictions of Palestinian families living in Sheikh Jarrah and Silwan, in Occupied East Jerusalem, as the spark that set off a full-blown war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They said that at least 222 people, including 63 children, were killed in Gaza and 12 people died in Israel as a result of the fighting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More than 450 buildings in the Gaza Strip were completely destroyed or damaged by missiles, the statement continued. Among them were six hospitals, nine healthcare centres and a water desalination plant, supplying around 250,000 Palestinians with clean drinking water, as well as a tower which housed media outlets including the Al Jazeera network, and Associated Press (AP). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Asymmetry of power\u2019<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOwing to the vast asymmetry of power, the victims of this conflict are disproportionately Palestinians in Gaza, of whom over 74,000 have been forcibly displaced and made homeless, mostly women and children\u201d, the experts said. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe conflict has led to a new wave of unprecedented mass destruction of civilian homes and infrastructure, including electrical grids in Gaza, and indiscriminate or deliberate missile attacks on civilians and residential areas in Israel and Gaza, that violate not only international human rights standards, but amount as well to crimes under international law for which there is individual and State responsibility\u201d, the experts continued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts said that all \u201cindiscriminate or deliberate bombardment of civilians and towers housing civilians, media organizations and refugee camps in Gaza and Israel are war crimes that are, prima facie, not justified by the requirements of proportionality and necessity under international law. All parties who engage in such attacks must bear individual and State responsibility as appropriate.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Independent Special Rapporteurs, are appointed by the UN Human Rights Council<\/a> to monitor specific countries or thematic issues.\u202f They serve in their individual capacity and are not UN staff, nor are they paid by the Organization.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ceasefire can\u2019t hide scale of destruction in Gaza, UN warns, as rights experts call for ICC probe","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ceasefire-cant-hide-scale-of-destruction-in-gaza-un-warns-as-rights-experts-call-for-icc-probe","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5276","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5264,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wie selbst die mauretanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IBI World Frankreich \u2013 9. Mai 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endloser Sand. Wie in einem Albtraum. Eine Landschaft, in der kein Punkt unterschieden werden kann, um es mit Gedanken zu erfassen, keine richtige Richtung gibt. Es hei\u00dft Mauretanien und ist eines der \u00e4rmsten L\u00e4nder der Welt (157.), da hier fast zwei Drittel der Menschen von weniger als 5 US-Dollar pro Tag leben und noch nicht lesen und schreiben k\u00f6nnen[1]<\/a>. Man k\u00f6nnte denken, dass es eine Nation ist, die niemanden interessiert, deren Au\u00dfenpolitik sich darauf beschr\u00e4nkt, um Hilfe von reicheren L\u00e4ndern zu bitten und Konflikte zu vermeiden, die sowohl sozial als auch wirtschaftlich nicht \u00fcberlebbar w\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

Palestinians assess the damage in their home, hit by Israeli bombardment, in Gaza City on Friday after a cease-fire between Israel and Hamas.Mohammed Abed\/AFP via Getty Images<\/em><\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Al Wahida Street, Israeli airstrikes killed more than 40 people, according to Gaza health officials. A few buildings on the street collapsed, burying families alive. Israel says it was attacking a militant tunnel deep underground and that the buildings' foundations collapsed.Article continues after sponsor message<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The street is now a wall of rubble where apartments stood. A sofa lay crushed under a large piece of cement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who won this battle? Gazans say that they did.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a video-game shop, a young gamer named Hossam Ashour said that Hamas and Palestinians were defending Jerusalem, its Al-Aqsa Mosque and a neighborhood where Israel was set to evict Palestinians. Still, he said, Gazans don't deserve all this death and destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ashraf and four daughters dressed up for Eid holiday, celebrated a week late, in Gaza.Daniel Estrin\/NPR<\/em><\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

That destruction means a need for major rebuilding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hundreds of homes and businesses were damaged or destroyed. For now, Gazans are marking the rubble with signs that carry the name and phone number of the owner, so that they can be contacted when aid arrives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And there is the present danger of unexploded bombs. Also on Al Wahida Street, workers were removing two large unexploded missiles, under the watch of militants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fighting has stopped for now, but dangerous clearance work lies ahead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NPR's Daniel Estrin reported from Gaza City. NPR's Laurel Wamsley reported from Washington, D.C.<\/em><\/p>\n","post_title":"The Bombing Has Stopped, But Pain And Destruction Remain In Gaza City","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"the-bombing-has-stopped-but-pain-and-destruction-remain-in-gaza-city","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5288","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5276,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 21 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/news.un.org\/en\/story\/2021\/05\/1092482<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Speaking from Gaza, Matthias Schmale from the UN relief agency for Palestinians UNRWA, said that there was no \u201cgoing back to normal\u201d in the enclave, after more than 10 days of rocket fire and airstrike exchanges between the warring parties that have killed more than 250 people and injured thousands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cGoing back to normal life means having to watch very carefully where we are going; unexploded devices, we know that at least one school, one of our 278 schools, where we have established two deeply buried bombs, and we have alerted the Israeli authorities\u201d, he said. \u201cObviously we cannot just rush back into our buildings and schools, we have to make sure they\u2019re safe.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The senior UNRWA official also noted that the Kerem Shalom crossing was due to open for several hours on Friday but that for the duration of the clashes, it had not been possible to get people out for medical treatment, or aid reinforcements in.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mr. Schmale noted that UNRWA staff who are mainly residents of the region said that the violence had been \u201cworse in intensity and terror than 2014\u201d, before echoing the UN Secretary-General\u2019s call<\/a> for a meaningful political process to resolve the grievances of both Palestinians and Israelis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

War still looms<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNormality here also means 50 per cent employed and rising...I\u2019m convinced after being here two and a half years that we will be back in war unless underlying causes are not addressed; and from a Gaza perspective that means giving people and especially young people a dignified perspective of a dignified life\u201d, he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf you have your own money and take home your own money to buy food instead of depending on handouts from the UN\u201d, the top UN official added, \u201cyou\u2019re less likely to run into groupings like Hamas\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The UN Emergency Relief Coordinator, Mark Lowcock, allocated $4.5 million towards the cost of meeting rising needs across Gaza on Friday. The money comes from the Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF<\/a>), which is in addition to some $18 million allocated from the Occupied Palestinian Territory Humanitarian Fund, making for a total of $22.5 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is expected that an inter-agency Flash Appeal for the occupied Palestinian territory will be issued next week. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

UNICEF delivers aid containers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The UN Children\u2019s Fund, UNICEF<\/a>, delivered 18 containers of aid on Friday following the resumption of relative calm in the Gaza Strip, through the Kerem Shalom crossing, to support children and families in need.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Among the items delivered were first-aid kits, blood supply bags and solution, fire extinguishers, antibiotics and other infection-control kits, together with 10,000 doses of the Sinopharm\u00a0COVID-19<\/a>\u00a0vaccine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe are extremely thankful that a ceasefire agreement in the Gaza strip came into effect at 2am this morning, because the human toll there has been huge\u201d, said Lucia Elmi<\/a>, UNICEF Special Representative in Palestine. \u201cThis will allow families to have much-needed respite and allow for the delivery of much-needed humanitarian assistance and personnel to the Gaza Strip\u201d, she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

UN rights experts call for ICC probe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

UN independent human rights experts on Friday called on all parties<\/a> to the conflict in Gaza and Israel to respect the ceasefire, and urged an investigation by the International Criminal Court<\/a> (ICC) into the attacks on civilian populations and other \u201cgross violations of human rights\u201d, according to a statement released through the UN rights office (OHCHR<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts pointed to the forced evictions of Palestinian families living in Sheikh Jarrah and Silwan, in Occupied East Jerusalem, as the spark that set off a full-blown war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They said that at least 222 people, including 63 children, were killed in Gaza and 12 people died in Israel as a result of the fighting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More than 450 buildings in the Gaza Strip were completely destroyed or damaged by missiles, the statement continued. Among them were six hospitals, nine healthcare centres and a water desalination plant, supplying around 250,000 Palestinians with clean drinking water, as well as a tower which housed media outlets including the Al Jazeera network, and Associated Press (AP). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Asymmetry of power\u2019<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOwing to the vast asymmetry of power, the victims of this conflict are disproportionately Palestinians in Gaza, of whom over 74,000 have been forcibly displaced and made homeless, mostly women and children\u201d, the experts said. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe conflict has led to a new wave of unprecedented mass destruction of civilian homes and infrastructure, including electrical grids in Gaza, and indiscriminate or deliberate missile attacks on civilians and residential areas in Israel and Gaza, that violate not only international human rights standards, but amount as well to crimes under international law for which there is individual and State responsibility\u201d, the experts continued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts said that all \u201cindiscriminate or deliberate bombardment of civilians and towers housing civilians, media organizations and refugee camps in Gaza and Israel are war crimes that are, prima facie, not justified by the requirements of proportionality and necessity under international law. All parties who engage in such attacks must bear individual and State responsibility as appropriate.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Independent Special Rapporteurs, are appointed by the UN Human Rights Council<\/a> to monitor specific countries or thematic issues.\u202f They serve in their individual capacity and are not UN staff, nor are they paid by the Organization.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ceasefire can\u2019t hide scale of destruction in Gaza, UN warns, as rights experts call for ICC probe","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ceasefire-cant-hide-scale-of-destruction-in-gaza-un-warns-as-rights-experts-call-for-icc-probe","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5276","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5264,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wie selbst die mauretanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IBI World Frankreich \u2013 9. Mai 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endloser Sand. Wie in einem Albtraum. Eine Landschaft, in der kein Punkt unterschieden werden kann, um es mit Gedanken zu erfassen, keine richtige Richtung gibt. Es hei\u00dft Mauretanien und ist eines der \u00e4rmsten L\u00e4nder der Welt (157.), da hier fast zwei Drittel der Menschen von weniger als 5 US-Dollar pro Tag leben und noch nicht lesen und schreiben k\u00f6nnen[1]<\/a>. Man k\u00f6nnte denken, dass es eine Nation ist, die niemanden interessiert, deren Au\u00dfenpolitik sich darauf beschr\u00e4nkt, um Hilfe von reicheren L\u00e4ndern zu bitten und Konflikte zu vermeiden, die sowohl sozial als auch wirtschaftlich nicht \u00fcberlebbar w\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


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[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n
\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Palestinians assess the damage in their home, hit by Israeli bombardment, in Gaza City on Friday after a cease-fire between Israel and Hamas.Mohammed Abed\/AFP via Getty Images<\/em><\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Al Wahida Street, Israeli airstrikes killed more than 40 people, according to Gaza health officials. A few buildings on the street collapsed, burying families alive. Israel says it was attacking a militant tunnel deep underground and that the buildings' foundations collapsed.Article continues after sponsor message<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The street is now a wall of rubble where apartments stood. A sofa lay crushed under a large piece of cement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who won this battle? Gazans say that they did.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a video-game shop, a young gamer named Hossam Ashour said that Hamas and Palestinians were defending Jerusalem, its Al-Aqsa Mosque and a neighborhood where Israel was set to evict Palestinians. Still, he said, Gazans don't deserve all this death and destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ashraf and four daughters dressed up for Eid holiday, celebrated a week late, in Gaza.Daniel Estrin\/NPR<\/em><\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

That destruction means a need for major rebuilding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hundreds of homes and businesses were damaged or destroyed. For now, Gazans are marking the rubble with signs that carry the name and phone number of the owner, so that they can be contacted when aid arrives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And there is the present danger of unexploded bombs. Also on Al Wahida Street, workers were removing two large unexploded missiles, under the watch of militants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fighting has stopped for now, but dangerous clearance work lies ahead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NPR's Daniel Estrin reported from Gaza City. NPR's Laurel Wamsley reported from Washington, D.C.<\/em><\/p>\n","post_title":"The Bombing Has Stopped, But Pain And Destruction Remain In Gaza City","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"the-bombing-has-stopped-but-pain-and-destruction-remain-in-gaza-city","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5288","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5276,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 21 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/news.un.org\/en\/story\/2021\/05\/1092482<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Speaking from Gaza, Matthias Schmale from the UN relief agency for Palestinians UNRWA, said that there was no \u201cgoing back to normal\u201d in the enclave, after more than 10 days of rocket fire and airstrike exchanges between the warring parties that have killed more than 250 people and injured thousands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cGoing back to normal life means having to watch very carefully where we are going; unexploded devices, we know that at least one school, one of our 278 schools, where we have established two deeply buried bombs, and we have alerted the Israeli authorities\u201d, he said. \u201cObviously we cannot just rush back into our buildings and schools, we have to make sure they\u2019re safe.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The senior UNRWA official also noted that the Kerem Shalom crossing was due to open for several hours on Friday but that for the duration of the clashes, it had not been possible to get people out for medical treatment, or aid reinforcements in.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mr. Schmale noted that UNRWA staff who are mainly residents of the region said that the violence had been \u201cworse in intensity and terror than 2014\u201d, before echoing the UN Secretary-General\u2019s call<\/a> for a meaningful political process to resolve the grievances of both Palestinians and Israelis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

War still looms<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNormality here also means 50 per cent employed and rising...I\u2019m convinced after being here two and a half years that we will be back in war unless underlying causes are not addressed; and from a Gaza perspective that means giving people and especially young people a dignified perspective of a dignified life\u201d, he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf you have your own money and take home your own money to buy food instead of depending on handouts from the UN\u201d, the top UN official added, \u201cyou\u2019re less likely to run into groupings like Hamas\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The UN Emergency Relief Coordinator, Mark Lowcock, allocated $4.5 million towards the cost of meeting rising needs across Gaza on Friday. The money comes from the Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF<\/a>), which is in addition to some $18 million allocated from the Occupied Palestinian Territory Humanitarian Fund, making for a total of $22.5 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is expected that an inter-agency Flash Appeal for the occupied Palestinian territory will be issued next week. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

UNICEF delivers aid containers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The UN Children\u2019s Fund, UNICEF<\/a>, delivered 18 containers of aid on Friday following the resumption of relative calm in the Gaza Strip, through the Kerem Shalom crossing, to support children and families in need.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Among the items delivered were first-aid kits, blood supply bags and solution, fire extinguishers, antibiotics and other infection-control kits, together with 10,000 doses of the Sinopharm\u00a0COVID-19<\/a>\u00a0vaccine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe are extremely thankful that a ceasefire agreement in the Gaza strip came into effect at 2am this morning, because the human toll there has been huge\u201d, said Lucia Elmi<\/a>, UNICEF Special Representative in Palestine. \u201cThis will allow families to have much-needed respite and allow for the delivery of much-needed humanitarian assistance and personnel to the Gaza Strip\u201d, she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

UN rights experts call for ICC probe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

UN independent human rights experts on Friday called on all parties<\/a> to the conflict in Gaza and Israel to respect the ceasefire, and urged an investigation by the International Criminal Court<\/a> (ICC) into the attacks on civilian populations and other \u201cgross violations of human rights\u201d, according to a statement released through the UN rights office (OHCHR<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts pointed to the forced evictions of Palestinian families living in Sheikh Jarrah and Silwan, in Occupied East Jerusalem, as the spark that set off a full-blown war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They said that at least 222 people, including 63 children, were killed in Gaza and 12 people died in Israel as a result of the fighting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More than 450 buildings in the Gaza Strip were completely destroyed or damaged by missiles, the statement continued. Among them were six hospitals, nine healthcare centres and a water desalination plant, supplying around 250,000 Palestinians with clean drinking water, as well as a tower which housed media outlets including the Al Jazeera network, and Associated Press (AP). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Asymmetry of power\u2019<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOwing to the vast asymmetry of power, the victims of this conflict are disproportionately Palestinians in Gaza, of whom over 74,000 have been forcibly displaced and made homeless, mostly women and children\u201d, the experts said. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe conflict has led to a new wave of unprecedented mass destruction of civilian homes and infrastructure, including electrical grids in Gaza, and indiscriminate or deliberate missile attacks on civilians and residential areas in Israel and Gaza, that violate not only international human rights standards, but amount as well to crimes under international law for which there is individual and State responsibility\u201d, the experts continued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts said that all \u201cindiscriminate or deliberate bombardment of civilians and towers housing civilians, media organizations and refugee camps in Gaza and Israel are war crimes that are, prima facie, not justified by the requirements of proportionality and necessity under international law. All parties who engage in such attacks must bear individual and State responsibility as appropriate.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Independent Special Rapporteurs, are appointed by the UN Human Rights Council<\/a> to monitor specific countries or thematic issues.\u202f They serve in their individual capacity and are not UN staff, nor are they paid by the Organization.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ceasefire can\u2019t hide scale of destruction in Gaza, UN warns, as rights experts call for ICC probe","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ceasefire-cant-hide-scale-of-destruction-in-gaza-un-warns-as-rights-experts-call-for-icc-probe","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5276","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5264,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wie selbst die mauretanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IBI World Frankreich \u2013 9. Mai 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endloser Sand. Wie in einem Albtraum. Eine Landschaft, in der kein Punkt unterschieden werden kann, um es mit Gedanken zu erfassen, keine richtige Richtung gibt. Es hei\u00dft Mauretanien und ist eines der \u00e4rmsten L\u00e4nder der Welt (157.), da hier fast zwei Drittel der Menschen von weniger als 5 US-Dollar pro Tag leben und noch nicht lesen und schreiben k\u00f6nnen[1]<\/a>. Man k\u00f6nnte denken, dass es eine Nation ist, die niemanden interessiert, deren Au\u00dfenpolitik sich darauf beschr\u00e4nkt, um Hilfe von reicheren L\u00e4ndern zu bitten und Konflikte zu vermeiden, die sowohl sozial als auch wirtschaftlich nicht \u00fcberlebbar w\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


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[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

\"We're finally leaving our houses. We're going out in the streets to celebrate this holiday, to visit our relatives. And we are seeing with our own eyes the pain and the destruction,\" said Tahani,a 30-year-old who was walking with her husband and three daughters. All wore matching pink outfits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Palestinians assess the damage in their home, hit by Israeli bombardment, in Gaza City on Friday after a cease-fire between Israel and Hamas.Mohammed Abed\/AFP via Getty Images<\/em><\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Al Wahida Street, Israeli airstrikes killed more than 40 people, according to Gaza health officials. A few buildings on the street collapsed, burying families alive. Israel says it was attacking a militant tunnel deep underground and that the buildings' foundations collapsed.Article continues after sponsor message<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The street is now a wall of rubble where apartments stood. A sofa lay crushed under a large piece of cement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who won this battle? Gazans say that they did.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a video-game shop, a young gamer named Hossam Ashour said that Hamas and Palestinians were defending Jerusalem, its Al-Aqsa Mosque and a neighborhood where Israel was set to evict Palestinians. Still, he said, Gazans don't deserve all this death and destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ashraf and four daughters dressed up for Eid holiday, celebrated a week late, in Gaza.Daniel Estrin\/NPR<\/em><\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

That destruction means a need for major rebuilding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hundreds of homes and businesses were damaged or destroyed. For now, Gazans are marking the rubble with signs that carry the name and phone number of the owner, so that they can be contacted when aid arrives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And there is the present danger of unexploded bombs. Also on Al Wahida Street, workers were removing two large unexploded missiles, under the watch of militants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fighting has stopped for now, but dangerous clearance work lies ahead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NPR's Daniel Estrin reported from Gaza City. NPR's Laurel Wamsley reported from Washington, D.C.<\/em><\/p>\n","post_title":"The Bombing Has Stopped, But Pain And Destruction Remain In Gaza City","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"the-bombing-has-stopped-but-pain-and-destruction-remain-in-gaza-city","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5288","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5276,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 21 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/news.un.org\/en\/story\/2021\/05\/1092482<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Speaking from Gaza, Matthias Schmale from the UN relief agency for Palestinians UNRWA, said that there was no \u201cgoing back to normal\u201d in the enclave, after more than 10 days of rocket fire and airstrike exchanges between the warring parties that have killed more than 250 people and injured thousands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cGoing back to normal life means having to watch very carefully where we are going; unexploded devices, we know that at least one school, one of our 278 schools, where we have established two deeply buried bombs, and we have alerted the Israeli authorities\u201d, he said. \u201cObviously we cannot just rush back into our buildings and schools, we have to make sure they\u2019re safe.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The senior UNRWA official also noted that the Kerem Shalom crossing was due to open for several hours on Friday but that for the duration of the clashes, it had not been possible to get people out for medical treatment, or aid reinforcements in.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mr. Schmale noted that UNRWA staff who are mainly residents of the region said that the violence had been \u201cworse in intensity and terror than 2014\u201d, before echoing the UN Secretary-General\u2019s call<\/a> for a meaningful political process to resolve the grievances of both Palestinians and Israelis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

War still looms<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNormality here also means 50 per cent employed and rising...I\u2019m convinced after being here two and a half years that we will be back in war unless underlying causes are not addressed; and from a Gaza perspective that means giving people and especially young people a dignified perspective of a dignified life\u201d, he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf you have your own money and take home your own money to buy food instead of depending on handouts from the UN\u201d, the top UN official added, \u201cyou\u2019re less likely to run into groupings like Hamas\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The UN Emergency Relief Coordinator, Mark Lowcock, allocated $4.5 million towards the cost of meeting rising needs across Gaza on Friday. The money comes from the Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF<\/a>), which is in addition to some $18 million allocated from the Occupied Palestinian Territory Humanitarian Fund, making for a total of $22.5 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is expected that an inter-agency Flash Appeal for the occupied Palestinian territory will be issued next week. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

UNICEF delivers aid containers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The UN Children\u2019s Fund, UNICEF<\/a>, delivered 18 containers of aid on Friday following the resumption of relative calm in the Gaza Strip, through the Kerem Shalom crossing, to support children and families in need.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Among the items delivered were first-aid kits, blood supply bags and solution, fire extinguishers, antibiotics and other infection-control kits, together with 10,000 doses of the Sinopharm\u00a0COVID-19<\/a>\u00a0vaccine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe are extremely thankful that a ceasefire agreement in the Gaza strip came into effect at 2am this morning, because the human toll there has been huge\u201d, said Lucia Elmi<\/a>, UNICEF Special Representative in Palestine. \u201cThis will allow families to have much-needed respite and allow for the delivery of much-needed humanitarian assistance and personnel to the Gaza Strip\u201d, she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

UN rights experts call for ICC probe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

UN independent human rights experts on Friday called on all parties<\/a> to the conflict in Gaza and Israel to respect the ceasefire, and urged an investigation by the International Criminal Court<\/a> (ICC) into the attacks on civilian populations and other \u201cgross violations of human rights\u201d, according to a statement released through the UN rights office (OHCHR<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts pointed to the forced evictions of Palestinian families living in Sheikh Jarrah and Silwan, in Occupied East Jerusalem, as the spark that set off a full-blown war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They said that at least 222 people, including 63 children, were killed in Gaza and 12 people died in Israel as a result of the fighting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More than 450 buildings in the Gaza Strip were completely destroyed or damaged by missiles, the statement continued. Among them were six hospitals, nine healthcare centres and a water desalination plant, supplying around 250,000 Palestinians with clean drinking water, as well as a tower which housed media outlets including the Al Jazeera network, and Associated Press (AP). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Asymmetry of power\u2019<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOwing to the vast asymmetry of power, the victims of this conflict are disproportionately Palestinians in Gaza, of whom over 74,000 have been forcibly displaced and made homeless, mostly women and children\u201d, the experts said. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe conflict has led to a new wave of unprecedented mass destruction of civilian homes and infrastructure, including electrical grids in Gaza, and indiscriminate or deliberate missile attacks on civilians and residential areas in Israel and Gaza, that violate not only international human rights standards, but amount as well to crimes under international law for which there is individual and State responsibility\u201d, the experts continued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts said that all \u201cindiscriminate or deliberate bombardment of civilians and towers housing civilians, media organizations and refugee camps in Gaza and Israel are war crimes that are, prima facie, not justified by the requirements of proportionality and necessity under international law. All parties who engage in such attacks must bear individual and State responsibility as appropriate.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Independent Special Rapporteurs, are appointed by the UN Human Rights Council<\/a> to monitor specific countries or thematic issues.\u202f They serve in their individual capacity and are not UN staff, nor are they paid by the Organization.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ceasefire can\u2019t hide scale of destruction in Gaza, UN warns, as rights experts call for ICC probe","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ceasefire-cant-hide-scale-of-destruction-in-gaza-un-warns-as-rights-experts-call-for-icc-probe","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5276","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5264,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wie selbst die mauretanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IBI World Frankreich \u2013 9. Mai 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endloser Sand. Wie in einem Albtraum. Eine Landschaft, in der kein Punkt unterschieden werden kann, um es mit Gedanken zu erfassen, keine richtige Richtung gibt. Es hei\u00dft Mauretanien und ist eines der \u00e4rmsten L\u00e4nder der Welt (157.), da hier fast zwei Drittel der Menschen von weniger als 5 US-Dollar pro Tag leben und noch nicht lesen und schreiben k\u00f6nnen[1]<\/a>. Man k\u00f6nnte denken, dass es eine Nation ist, die niemanden interessiert, deren Au\u00dfenpolitik sich darauf beschr\u00e4nkt, um Hilfe von reicheren L\u00e4ndern zu bitten und Konflikte zu vermeiden, die sowohl sozial als auch wirtschaftlich nicht \u00fcberlebbar w\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

Families walked together in the streets, dressed-up in fancy clothes \u2014 holiday clothes for Eid, the Muslim festival that marks the end of Ramadan and started last week. Due to the war, people had not been able to visit friends and relatives during the holiday, so they celebrated it today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"We're finally leaving our houses. We're going out in the streets to celebrate this holiday, to visit our relatives. And we are seeing with our own eyes the pain and the destruction,\" said Tahani,a 30-year-old who was walking with her husband and three daughters. All wore matching pink outfits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Palestinians assess the damage in their home, hit by Israeli bombardment, in Gaza City on Friday after a cease-fire between Israel and Hamas.Mohammed Abed\/AFP via Getty Images<\/em><\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Al Wahida Street, Israeli airstrikes killed more than 40 people, according to Gaza health officials. A few buildings on the street collapsed, burying families alive. Israel says it was attacking a militant tunnel deep underground and that the buildings' foundations collapsed.Article continues after sponsor message<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The street is now a wall of rubble where apartments stood. A sofa lay crushed under a large piece of cement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who won this battle? Gazans say that they did.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a video-game shop, a young gamer named Hossam Ashour said that Hamas and Palestinians were defending Jerusalem, its Al-Aqsa Mosque and a neighborhood where Israel was set to evict Palestinians. Still, he said, Gazans don't deserve all this death and destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ashraf and four daughters dressed up for Eid holiday, celebrated a week late, in Gaza.Daniel Estrin\/NPR<\/em><\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

That destruction means a need for major rebuilding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hundreds of homes and businesses were damaged or destroyed. For now, Gazans are marking the rubble with signs that carry the name and phone number of the owner, so that they can be contacted when aid arrives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And there is the present danger of unexploded bombs. Also on Al Wahida Street, workers were removing two large unexploded missiles, under the watch of militants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fighting has stopped for now, but dangerous clearance work lies ahead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NPR's Daniel Estrin reported from Gaza City. NPR's Laurel Wamsley reported from Washington, D.C.<\/em><\/p>\n","post_title":"The Bombing Has Stopped, But Pain And Destruction Remain In Gaza City","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"the-bombing-has-stopped-but-pain-and-destruction-remain-in-gaza-city","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5288","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5276,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 21 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/news.un.org\/en\/story\/2021\/05\/1092482<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Speaking from Gaza, Matthias Schmale from the UN relief agency for Palestinians UNRWA, said that there was no \u201cgoing back to normal\u201d in the enclave, after more than 10 days of rocket fire and airstrike exchanges between the warring parties that have killed more than 250 people and injured thousands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cGoing back to normal life means having to watch very carefully where we are going; unexploded devices, we know that at least one school, one of our 278 schools, where we have established two deeply buried bombs, and we have alerted the Israeli authorities\u201d, he said. \u201cObviously we cannot just rush back into our buildings and schools, we have to make sure they\u2019re safe.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The senior UNRWA official also noted that the Kerem Shalom crossing was due to open for several hours on Friday but that for the duration of the clashes, it had not been possible to get people out for medical treatment, or aid reinforcements in.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mr. Schmale noted that UNRWA staff who are mainly residents of the region said that the violence had been \u201cworse in intensity and terror than 2014\u201d, before echoing the UN Secretary-General\u2019s call<\/a> for a meaningful political process to resolve the grievances of both Palestinians and Israelis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

War still looms<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNormality here also means 50 per cent employed and rising...I\u2019m convinced after being here two and a half years that we will be back in war unless underlying causes are not addressed; and from a Gaza perspective that means giving people and especially young people a dignified perspective of a dignified life\u201d, he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf you have your own money and take home your own money to buy food instead of depending on handouts from the UN\u201d, the top UN official added, \u201cyou\u2019re less likely to run into groupings like Hamas\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The UN Emergency Relief Coordinator, Mark Lowcock, allocated $4.5 million towards the cost of meeting rising needs across Gaza on Friday. The money comes from the Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF<\/a>), which is in addition to some $18 million allocated from the Occupied Palestinian Territory Humanitarian Fund, making for a total of $22.5 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is expected that an inter-agency Flash Appeal for the occupied Palestinian territory will be issued next week. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

UNICEF delivers aid containers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The UN Children\u2019s Fund, UNICEF<\/a>, delivered 18 containers of aid on Friday following the resumption of relative calm in the Gaza Strip, through the Kerem Shalom crossing, to support children and families in need.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Among the items delivered were first-aid kits, blood supply bags and solution, fire extinguishers, antibiotics and other infection-control kits, together with 10,000 doses of the Sinopharm\u00a0COVID-19<\/a>\u00a0vaccine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe are extremely thankful that a ceasefire agreement in the Gaza strip came into effect at 2am this morning, because the human toll there has been huge\u201d, said Lucia Elmi<\/a>, UNICEF Special Representative in Palestine. \u201cThis will allow families to have much-needed respite and allow for the delivery of much-needed humanitarian assistance and personnel to the Gaza Strip\u201d, she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

UN rights experts call for ICC probe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

UN independent human rights experts on Friday called on all parties<\/a> to the conflict in Gaza and Israel to respect the ceasefire, and urged an investigation by the International Criminal Court<\/a> (ICC) into the attacks on civilian populations and other \u201cgross violations of human rights\u201d, according to a statement released through the UN rights office (OHCHR<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts pointed to the forced evictions of Palestinian families living in Sheikh Jarrah and Silwan, in Occupied East Jerusalem, as the spark that set off a full-blown war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They said that at least 222 people, including 63 children, were killed in Gaza and 12 people died in Israel as a result of the fighting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More than 450 buildings in the Gaza Strip were completely destroyed or damaged by missiles, the statement continued. Among them were six hospitals, nine healthcare centres and a water desalination plant, supplying around 250,000 Palestinians with clean drinking water, as well as a tower which housed media outlets including the Al Jazeera network, and Associated Press (AP). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Asymmetry of power\u2019<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOwing to the vast asymmetry of power, the victims of this conflict are disproportionately Palestinians in Gaza, of whom over 74,000 have been forcibly displaced and made homeless, mostly women and children\u201d, the experts said. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe conflict has led to a new wave of unprecedented mass destruction of civilian homes and infrastructure, including electrical grids in Gaza, and indiscriminate or deliberate missile attacks on civilians and residential areas in Israel and Gaza, that violate not only international human rights standards, but amount as well to crimes under international law for which there is individual and State responsibility\u201d, the experts continued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts said that all \u201cindiscriminate or deliberate bombardment of civilians and towers housing civilians, media organizations and refugee camps in Gaza and Israel are war crimes that are, prima facie, not justified by the requirements of proportionality and necessity under international law. All parties who engage in such attacks must bear individual and State responsibility as appropriate.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Independent Special Rapporteurs, are appointed by the UN Human Rights Council<\/a> to monitor specific countries or thematic issues.\u202f They serve in their individual capacity and are not UN staff, nor are they paid by the Organization.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ceasefire can\u2019t hide scale of destruction in Gaza, UN warns, as rights experts call for ICC probe","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ceasefire-cant-hide-scale-of-destruction-in-gaza-un-warns-as-rights-experts-call-for-icc-probe","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5276","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5264,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wie selbst die mauretanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IBI World Frankreich \u2013 9. Mai 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endloser Sand. Wie in einem Albtraum. Eine Landschaft, in der kein Punkt unterschieden werden kann, um es mit Gedanken zu erfassen, keine richtige Richtung gibt. Es hei\u00dft Mauretanien und ist eines der \u00e4rmsten L\u00e4nder der Welt (157.), da hier fast zwei Drittel der Menschen von weniger als 5 US-Dollar pro Tag leben und noch nicht lesen und schreiben k\u00f6nnen[1]<\/a>. Man k\u00f6nnte denken, dass es eine Nation ist, die niemanden interessiert, deren Au\u00dfenpolitik sich darauf beschr\u00e4nkt, um Hilfe von reicheren L\u00e4ndern zu bitten und Konflikte zu vermeiden, die sowohl sozial als auch wirtschaftlich nicht \u00fcberlebbar w\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

In Gaza City, fully intact buildings stood right next to where others had been flattened. One building looked like a layer cake, with one story stacked on top of the other.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Families walked together in the streets, dressed-up in fancy clothes \u2014 holiday clothes for Eid, the Muslim festival that marks the end of Ramadan and started last week. Due to the war, people had not been able to visit friends and relatives during the holiday, so they celebrated it today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"We're finally leaving our houses. We're going out in the streets to celebrate this holiday, to visit our relatives. And we are seeing with our own eyes the pain and the destruction,\" said Tahani,a 30-year-old who was walking with her husband and three daughters. All wore matching pink outfits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Palestinians assess the damage in their home, hit by Israeli bombardment, in Gaza City on Friday after a cease-fire between Israel and Hamas.Mohammed Abed\/AFP via Getty Images<\/em><\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Al Wahida Street, Israeli airstrikes killed more than 40 people, according to Gaza health officials. A few buildings on the street collapsed, burying families alive. Israel says it was attacking a militant tunnel deep underground and that the buildings' foundations collapsed.Article continues after sponsor message<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The street is now a wall of rubble where apartments stood. A sofa lay crushed under a large piece of cement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who won this battle? Gazans say that they did.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a video-game shop, a young gamer named Hossam Ashour said that Hamas and Palestinians were defending Jerusalem, its Al-Aqsa Mosque and a neighborhood where Israel was set to evict Palestinians. Still, he said, Gazans don't deserve all this death and destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ashraf and four daughters dressed up for Eid holiday, celebrated a week late, in Gaza.Daniel Estrin\/NPR<\/em><\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

That destruction means a need for major rebuilding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hundreds of homes and businesses were damaged or destroyed. For now, Gazans are marking the rubble with signs that carry the name and phone number of the owner, so that they can be contacted when aid arrives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And there is the present danger of unexploded bombs. Also on Al Wahida Street, workers were removing two large unexploded missiles, under the watch of militants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fighting has stopped for now, but dangerous clearance work lies ahead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NPR's Daniel Estrin reported from Gaza City. NPR's Laurel Wamsley reported from Washington, D.C.<\/em><\/p>\n","post_title":"The Bombing Has Stopped, But Pain And Destruction Remain In Gaza City","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"the-bombing-has-stopped-but-pain-and-destruction-remain-in-gaza-city","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5288","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5276,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 21 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/news.un.org\/en\/story\/2021\/05\/1092482<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Speaking from Gaza, Matthias Schmale from the UN relief agency for Palestinians UNRWA, said that there was no \u201cgoing back to normal\u201d in the enclave, after more than 10 days of rocket fire and airstrike exchanges between the warring parties that have killed more than 250 people and injured thousands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cGoing back to normal life means having to watch very carefully where we are going; unexploded devices, we know that at least one school, one of our 278 schools, where we have established two deeply buried bombs, and we have alerted the Israeli authorities\u201d, he said. \u201cObviously we cannot just rush back into our buildings and schools, we have to make sure they\u2019re safe.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The senior UNRWA official also noted that the Kerem Shalom crossing was due to open for several hours on Friday but that for the duration of the clashes, it had not been possible to get people out for medical treatment, or aid reinforcements in.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mr. Schmale noted that UNRWA staff who are mainly residents of the region said that the violence had been \u201cworse in intensity and terror than 2014\u201d, before echoing the UN Secretary-General\u2019s call<\/a> for a meaningful political process to resolve the grievances of both Palestinians and Israelis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

War still looms<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNormality here also means 50 per cent employed and rising...I\u2019m convinced after being here two and a half years that we will be back in war unless underlying causes are not addressed; and from a Gaza perspective that means giving people and especially young people a dignified perspective of a dignified life\u201d, he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf you have your own money and take home your own money to buy food instead of depending on handouts from the UN\u201d, the top UN official added, \u201cyou\u2019re less likely to run into groupings like Hamas\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The UN Emergency Relief Coordinator, Mark Lowcock, allocated $4.5 million towards the cost of meeting rising needs across Gaza on Friday. The money comes from the Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF<\/a>), which is in addition to some $18 million allocated from the Occupied Palestinian Territory Humanitarian Fund, making for a total of $22.5 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is expected that an inter-agency Flash Appeal for the occupied Palestinian territory will be issued next week. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

UNICEF delivers aid containers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The UN Children\u2019s Fund, UNICEF<\/a>, delivered 18 containers of aid on Friday following the resumption of relative calm in the Gaza Strip, through the Kerem Shalom crossing, to support children and families in need.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Among the items delivered were first-aid kits, blood supply bags and solution, fire extinguishers, antibiotics and other infection-control kits, together with 10,000 doses of the Sinopharm\u00a0COVID-19<\/a>\u00a0vaccine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe are extremely thankful that a ceasefire agreement in the Gaza strip came into effect at 2am this morning, because the human toll there has been huge\u201d, said Lucia Elmi<\/a>, UNICEF Special Representative in Palestine. \u201cThis will allow families to have much-needed respite and allow for the delivery of much-needed humanitarian assistance and personnel to the Gaza Strip\u201d, she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

UN rights experts call for ICC probe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

UN independent human rights experts on Friday called on all parties<\/a> to the conflict in Gaza and Israel to respect the ceasefire, and urged an investigation by the International Criminal Court<\/a> (ICC) into the attacks on civilian populations and other \u201cgross violations of human rights\u201d, according to a statement released through the UN rights office (OHCHR<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts pointed to the forced evictions of Palestinian families living in Sheikh Jarrah and Silwan, in Occupied East Jerusalem, as the spark that set off a full-blown war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They said that at least 222 people, including 63 children, were killed in Gaza and 12 people died in Israel as a result of the fighting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More than 450 buildings in the Gaza Strip were completely destroyed or damaged by missiles, the statement continued. Among them were six hospitals, nine healthcare centres and a water desalination plant, supplying around 250,000 Palestinians with clean drinking water, as well as a tower which housed media outlets including the Al Jazeera network, and Associated Press (AP). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Asymmetry of power\u2019<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOwing to the vast asymmetry of power, the victims of this conflict are disproportionately Palestinians in Gaza, of whom over 74,000 have been forcibly displaced and made homeless, mostly women and children\u201d, the experts said. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe conflict has led to a new wave of unprecedented mass destruction of civilian homes and infrastructure, including electrical grids in Gaza, and indiscriminate or deliberate missile attacks on civilians and residential areas in Israel and Gaza, that violate not only international human rights standards, but amount as well to crimes under international law for which there is individual and State responsibility\u201d, the experts continued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts said that all \u201cindiscriminate or deliberate bombardment of civilians and towers housing civilians, media organizations and refugee camps in Gaza and Israel are war crimes that are, prima facie, not justified by the requirements of proportionality and necessity under international law. All parties who engage in such attacks must bear individual and State responsibility as appropriate.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Independent Special Rapporteurs, are appointed by the UN Human Rights Council<\/a> to monitor specific countries or thematic issues.\u202f They serve in their individual capacity and are not UN staff, nor are they paid by the Organization.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ceasefire can\u2019t hide scale of destruction in Gaza, UN warns, as rights experts call for ICC probe","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ceasefire-cant-hide-scale-of-destruction-in-gaza-un-warns-as-rights-experts-call-for-icc-probe","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5276","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5264,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wie selbst die mauretanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IBI World Frankreich \u2013 9. Mai 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endloser Sand. Wie in einem Albtraum. Eine Landschaft, in der kein Punkt unterschieden werden kann, um es mit Gedanken zu erfassen, keine richtige Richtung gibt. Es hei\u00dft Mauretanien und ist eines der \u00e4rmsten L\u00e4nder der Welt (157.), da hier fast zwei Drittel der Menschen von weniger als 5 US-Dollar pro Tag leben und noch nicht lesen und schreiben k\u00f6nnen[1]<\/a>. Man k\u00f6nnte denken, dass es eine Nation ist, die niemanden interessiert, deren Au\u00dfenpolitik sich darauf beschr\u00e4nkt, um Hilfe von reicheren L\u00e4ndern zu bitten und Konflikte zu vermeiden, die sowohl sozial als auch wirtschaftlich nicht \u00fcberlebbar w\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

Friday was the first day that foreign journalists were allowed to enter the Gaza Strip since the fighting began.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In Gaza City, fully intact buildings stood right next to where others had been flattened. One building looked like a layer cake, with one story stacked on top of the other.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Families walked together in the streets, dressed-up in fancy clothes \u2014 holiday clothes for Eid, the Muslim festival that marks the end of Ramadan and started last week. Due to the war, people had not been able to visit friends and relatives during the holiday, so they celebrated it today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"We're finally leaving our houses. We're going out in the streets to celebrate this holiday, to visit our relatives. And we are seeing with our own eyes the pain and the destruction,\" said Tahani,a 30-year-old who was walking with her husband and three daughters. All wore matching pink outfits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Palestinians assess the damage in their home, hit by Israeli bombardment, in Gaza City on Friday after a cease-fire between Israel and Hamas.Mohammed Abed\/AFP via Getty Images<\/em><\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Al Wahida Street, Israeli airstrikes killed more than 40 people, according to Gaza health officials. A few buildings on the street collapsed, burying families alive. Israel says it was attacking a militant tunnel deep underground and that the buildings' foundations collapsed.Article continues after sponsor message<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The street is now a wall of rubble where apartments stood. A sofa lay crushed under a large piece of cement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who won this battle? Gazans say that they did.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a video-game shop, a young gamer named Hossam Ashour said that Hamas and Palestinians were defending Jerusalem, its Al-Aqsa Mosque and a neighborhood where Israel was set to evict Palestinians. Still, he said, Gazans don't deserve all this death and destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ashraf and four daughters dressed up for Eid holiday, celebrated a week late, in Gaza.Daniel Estrin\/NPR<\/em><\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

That destruction means a need for major rebuilding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hundreds of homes and businesses were damaged or destroyed. For now, Gazans are marking the rubble with signs that carry the name and phone number of the owner, so that they can be contacted when aid arrives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And there is the present danger of unexploded bombs. Also on Al Wahida Street, workers were removing two large unexploded missiles, under the watch of militants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fighting has stopped for now, but dangerous clearance work lies ahead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NPR's Daniel Estrin reported from Gaza City. NPR's Laurel Wamsley reported from Washington, D.C.<\/em><\/p>\n","post_title":"The Bombing Has Stopped, But Pain And Destruction Remain In Gaza City","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"the-bombing-has-stopped-but-pain-and-destruction-remain-in-gaza-city","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5288","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5276,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 21 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/news.un.org\/en\/story\/2021\/05\/1092482<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Speaking from Gaza, Matthias Schmale from the UN relief agency for Palestinians UNRWA, said that there was no \u201cgoing back to normal\u201d in the enclave, after more than 10 days of rocket fire and airstrike exchanges between the warring parties that have killed more than 250 people and injured thousands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cGoing back to normal life means having to watch very carefully where we are going; unexploded devices, we know that at least one school, one of our 278 schools, where we have established two deeply buried bombs, and we have alerted the Israeli authorities\u201d, he said. \u201cObviously we cannot just rush back into our buildings and schools, we have to make sure they\u2019re safe.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The senior UNRWA official also noted that the Kerem Shalom crossing was due to open for several hours on Friday but that for the duration of the clashes, it had not been possible to get people out for medical treatment, or aid reinforcements in.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mr. Schmale noted that UNRWA staff who are mainly residents of the region said that the violence had been \u201cworse in intensity and terror than 2014\u201d, before echoing the UN Secretary-General\u2019s call<\/a> for a meaningful political process to resolve the grievances of both Palestinians and Israelis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

War still looms<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNormality here also means 50 per cent employed and rising...I\u2019m convinced after being here two and a half years that we will be back in war unless underlying causes are not addressed; and from a Gaza perspective that means giving people and especially young people a dignified perspective of a dignified life\u201d, he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf you have your own money and take home your own money to buy food instead of depending on handouts from the UN\u201d, the top UN official added, \u201cyou\u2019re less likely to run into groupings like Hamas\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The UN Emergency Relief Coordinator, Mark Lowcock, allocated $4.5 million towards the cost of meeting rising needs across Gaza on Friday. The money comes from the Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF<\/a>), which is in addition to some $18 million allocated from the Occupied Palestinian Territory Humanitarian Fund, making for a total of $22.5 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is expected that an inter-agency Flash Appeal for the occupied Palestinian territory will be issued next week. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

UNICEF delivers aid containers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The UN Children\u2019s Fund, UNICEF<\/a>, delivered 18 containers of aid on Friday following the resumption of relative calm in the Gaza Strip, through the Kerem Shalom crossing, to support children and families in need.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Among the items delivered were first-aid kits, blood supply bags and solution, fire extinguishers, antibiotics and other infection-control kits, together with 10,000 doses of the Sinopharm\u00a0COVID-19<\/a>\u00a0vaccine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe are extremely thankful that a ceasefire agreement in the Gaza strip came into effect at 2am this morning, because the human toll there has been huge\u201d, said Lucia Elmi<\/a>, UNICEF Special Representative in Palestine. \u201cThis will allow families to have much-needed respite and allow for the delivery of much-needed humanitarian assistance and personnel to the Gaza Strip\u201d, she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

UN rights experts call for ICC probe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

UN independent human rights experts on Friday called on all parties<\/a> to the conflict in Gaza and Israel to respect the ceasefire, and urged an investigation by the International Criminal Court<\/a> (ICC) into the attacks on civilian populations and other \u201cgross violations of human rights\u201d, according to a statement released through the UN rights office (OHCHR<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts pointed to the forced evictions of Palestinian families living in Sheikh Jarrah and Silwan, in Occupied East Jerusalem, as the spark that set off a full-blown war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They said that at least 222 people, including 63 children, were killed in Gaza and 12 people died in Israel as a result of the fighting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More than 450 buildings in the Gaza Strip were completely destroyed or damaged by missiles, the statement continued. Among them were six hospitals, nine healthcare centres and a water desalination plant, supplying around 250,000 Palestinians with clean drinking water, as well as a tower which housed media outlets including the Al Jazeera network, and Associated Press (AP). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Asymmetry of power\u2019<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOwing to the vast asymmetry of power, the victims of this conflict are disproportionately Palestinians in Gaza, of whom over 74,000 have been forcibly displaced and made homeless, mostly women and children\u201d, the experts said. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe conflict has led to a new wave of unprecedented mass destruction of civilian homes and infrastructure, including electrical grids in Gaza, and indiscriminate or deliberate missile attacks on civilians and residential areas in Israel and Gaza, that violate not only international human rights standards, but amount as well to crimes under international law for which there is individual and State responsibility\u201d, the experts continued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts said that all \u201cindiscriminate or deliberate bombardment of civilians and towers housing civilians, media organizations and refugee camps in Gaza and Israel are war crimes that are, prima facie, not justified by the requirements of proportionality and necessity under international law. All parties who engage in such attacks must bear individual and State responsibility as appropriate.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Independent Special Rapporteurs, are appointed by the UN Human Rights Council<\/a> to monitor specific countries or thematic issues.\u202f They serve in their individual capacity and are not UN staff, nor are they paid by the Organization.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ceasefire can\u2019t hide scale of destruction in Gaza, UN warns, as rights experts call for ICC probe","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ceasefire-cant-hide-scale-of-destruction-in-gaza-un-warns-as-rights-experts-call-for-icc-probe","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5276","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5264,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wie selbst die mauretanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IBI World Frankreich \u2013 9. Mai 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endloser Sand. Wie in einem Albtraum. Eine Landschaft, in der kein Punkt unterschieden werden kann, um es mit Gedanken zu erfassen, keine richtige Richtung gibt. Es hei\u00dft Mauretanien und ist eines der \u00e4rmsten L\u00e4nder der Welt (157.), da hier fast zwei Drittel der Menschen von weniger als 5 US-Dollar pro Tag leben und noch nicht lesen und schreiben k\u00f6nnen[1]<\/a>. Man k\u00f6nnte denken, dass es eine Nation ist, die niemanden interessiert, deren Au\u00dfenpolitik sich darauf beschr\u00e4nkt, um Hilfe von reicheren L\u00e4ndern zu bitten und Konflikte zu vermeiden, die sowohl sozial als auch wirtschaftlich nicht \u00fcberlebbar w\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

After 11 days of fighting between Israel and Hamas, a cease-fire went into effect at 2 a.m. local time Friday. Gaza health officials say at least 240 people were killed there by waves of airstrikes from Israel. Twelve people died in Israel from more than 4,000 rockets fired by militants in Gaza, according to Israeli officials.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Friday was the first day that foreign journalists were allowed to enter the Gaza Strip since the fighting began.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In Gaza City, fully intact buildings stood right next to where others had been flattened. One building looked like a layer cake, with one story stacked on top of the other.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Families walked together in the streets, dressed-up in fancy clothes \u2014 holiday clothes for Eid, the Muslim festival that marks the end of Ramadan and started last week. Due to the war, people had not been able to visit friends and relatives during the holiday, so they celebrated it today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"We're finally leaving our houses. We're going out in the streets to celebrate this holiday, to visit our relatives. And we are seeing with our own eyes the pain and the destruction,\" said Tahani,a 30-year-old who was walking with her husband and three daughters. All wore matching pink outfits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Palestinians assess the damage in their home, hit by Israeli bombardment, in Gaza City on Friday after a cease-fire between Israel and Hamas.Mohammed Abed\/AFP via Getty Images<\/em><\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Al Wahida Street, Israeli airstrikes killed more than 40 people, according to Gaza health officials. A few buildings on the street collapsed, burying families alive. Israel says it was attacking a militant tunnel deep underground and that the buildings' foundations collapsed.Article continues after sponsor message<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The street is now a wall of rubble where apartments stood. A sofa lay crushed under a large piece of cement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who won this battle? Gazans say that they did.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a video-game shop, a young gamer named Hossam Ashour said that Hamas and Palestinians were defending Jerusalem, its Al-Aqsa Mosque and a neighborhood where Israel was set to evict Palestinians. Still, he said, Gazans don't deserve all this death and destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ashraf and four daughters dressed up for Eid holiday, celebrated a week late, in Gaza.Daniel Estrin\/NPR<\/em><\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

That destruction means a need for major rebuilding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hundreds of homes and businesses were damaged or destroyed. For now, Gazans are marking the rubble with signs that carry the name and phone number of the owner, so that they can be contacted when aid arrives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And there is the present danger of unexploded bombs. Also on Al Wahida Street, workers were removing two large unexploded missiles, under the watch of militants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fighting has stopped for now, but dangerous clearance work lies ahead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NPR's Daniel Estrin reported from Gaza City. NPR's Laurel Wamsley reported from Washington, D.C.<\/em><\/p>\n","post_title":"The Bombing Has Stopped, But Pain And Destruction Remain In Gaza City","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"the-bombing-has-stopped-but-pain-and-destruction-remain-in-gaza-city","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5288","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5276,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 21 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/news.un.org\/en\/story\/2021\/05\/1092482<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Speaking from Gaza, Matthias Schmale from the UN relief agency for Palestinians UNRWA, said that there was no \u201cgoing back to normal\u201d in the enclave, after more than 10 days of rocket fire and airstrike exchanges between the warring parties that have killed more than 250 people and injured thousands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cGoing back to normal life means having to watch very carefully where we are going; unexploded devices, we know that at least one school, one of our 278 schools, where we have established two deeply buried bombs, and we have alerted the Israeli authorities\u201d, he said. \u201cObviously we cannot just rush back into our buildings and schools, we have to make sure they\u2019re safe.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The senior UNRWA official also noted that the Kerem Shalom crossing was due to open for several hours on Friday but that for the duration of the clashes, it had not been possible to get people out for medical treatment, or aid reinforcements in.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mr. Schmale noted that UNRWA staff who are mainly residents of the region said that the violence had been \u201cworse in intensity and terror than 2014\u201d, before echoing the UN Secretary-General\u2019s call<\/a> for a meaningful political process to resolve the grievances of both Palestinians and Israelis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

War still looms<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNormality here also means 50 per cent employed and rising...I\u2019m convinced after being here two and a half years that we will be back in war unless underlying causes are not addressed; and from a Gaza perspective that means giving people and especially young people a dignified perspective of a dignified life\u201d, he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf you have your own money and take home your own money to buy food instead of depending on handouts from the UN\u201d, the top UN official added, \u201cyou\u2019re less likely to run into groupings like Hamas\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The UN Emergency Relief Coordinator, Mark Lowcock, allocated $4.5 million towards the cost of meeting rising needs across Gaza on Friday. The money comes from the Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF<\/a>), which is in addition to some $18 million allocated from the Occupied Palestinian Territory Humanitarian Fund, making for a total of $22.5 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is expected that an inter-agency Flash Appeal for the occupied Palestinian territory will be issued next week. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

UNICEF delivers aid containers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The UN Children\u2019s Fund, UNICEF<\/a>, delivered 18 containers of aid on Friday following the resumption of relative calm in the Gaza Strip, through the Kerem Shalom crossing, to support children and families in need.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Among the items delivered were first-aid kits, blood supply bags and solution, fire extinguishers, antibiotics and other infection-control kits, together with 10,000 doses of the Sinopharm\u00a0COVID-19<\/a>\u00a0vaccine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe are extremely thankful that a ceasefire agreement in the Gaza strip came into effect at 2am this morning, because the human toll there has been huge\u201d, said Lucia Elmi<\/a>, UNICEF Special Representative in Palestine. \u201cThis will allow families to have much-needed respite and allow for the delivery of much-needed humanitarian assistance and personnel to the Gaza Strip\u201d, she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

UN rights experts call for ICC probe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

UN independent human rights experts on Friday called on all parties<\/a> to the conflict in Gaza and Israel to respect the ceasefire, and urged an investigation by the International Criminal Court<\/a> (ICC) into the attacks on civilian populations and other \u201cgross violations of human rights\u201d, according to a statement released through the UN rights office (OHCHR<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts pointed to the forced evictions of Palestinian families living in Sheikh Jarrah and Silwan, in Occupied East Jerusalem, as the spark that set off a full-blown war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They said that at least 222 people, including 63 children, were killed in Gaza and 12 people died in Israel as a result of the fighting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More than 450 buildings in the Gaza Strip were completely destroyed or damaged by missiles, the statement continued. Among them were six hospitals, nine healthcare centres and a water desalination plant, supplying around 250,000 Palestinians with clean drinking water, as well as a tower which housed media outlets including the Al Jazeera network, and Associated Press (AP). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Asymmetry of power\u2019<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOwing to the vast asymmetry of power, the victims of this conflict are disproportionately Palestinians in Gaza, of whom over 74,000 have been forcibly displaced and made homeless, mostly women and children\u201d, the experts said. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe conflict has led to a new wave of unprecedented mass destruction of civilian homes and infrastructure, including electrical grids in Gaza, and indiscriminate or deliberate missile attacks on civilians and residential areas in Israel and Gaza, that violate not only international human rights standards, but amount as well to crimes under international law for which there is individual and State responsibility\u201d, the experts continued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts said that all \u201cindiscriminate or deliberate bombardment of civilians and towers housing civilians, media organizations and refugee camps in Gaza and Israel are war crimes that are, prima facie, not justified by the requirements of proportionality and necessity under international law. All parties who engage in such attacks must bear individual and State responsibility as appropriate.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Independent Special Rapporteurs, are appointed by the UN Human Rights Council<\/a> to monitor specific countries or thematic issues.\u202f They serve in their individual capacity and are not UN staff, nor are they paid by the Organization.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ceasefire can\u2019t hide scale of destruction in Gaza, UN warns, as rights experts call for ICC probe","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ceasefire-cant-hide-scale-of-destruction-in-gaza-un-warns-as-rights-experts-call-for-icc-probe","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5276","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5264,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wie selbst die mauretanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IBI World Frankreich \u2013 9. Mai 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endloser Sand. Wie in einem Albtraum. Eine Landschaft, in der kein Punkt unterschieden werden kann, um es mit Gedanken zu erfassen, keine richtige Richtung gibt. Es hei\u00dft Mauretanien und ist eines der \u00e4rmsten L\u00e4nder der Welt (157.), da hier fast zwei Drittel der Menschen von weniger als 5 US-Dollar pro Tag leben und noch nicht lesen und schreiben k\u00f6nnen[1]<\/a>. Man k\u00f6nnte denken, dass es eine Nation ist, die niemanden interessiert, deren Au\u00dfenpolitik sich darauf beschr\u00e4nkt, um Hilfe von reicheren L\u00e4ndern zu bitten und Konflikte zu vermeiden, die sowohl sozial als auch wirtschaftlich nicht \u00fcberlebbar w\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

originally published:<\/em> 21 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2021\/05\/21\/999302436\/the-bombing-has-stopped-but-pain-and-destruction-remain-in-gaza-city?t=1621804721967<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

After 11 days of fighting between Israel and Hamas, a cease-fire went into effect at 2 a.m. local time Friday. Gaza health officials say at least 240 people were killed there by waves of airstrikes from Israel. Twelve people died in Israel from more than 4,000 rockets fired by militants in Gaza, according to Israeli officials.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Friday was the first day that foreign journalists were allowed to enter the Gaza Strip since the fighting began.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In Gaza City, fully intact buildings stood right next to where others had been flattened. One building looked like a layer cake, with one story stacked on top of the other.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Families walked together in the streets, dressed-up in fancy clothes \u2014 holiday clothes for Eid, the Muslim festival that marks the end of Ramadan and started last week. Due to the war, people had not been able to visit friends and relatives during the holiday, so they celebrated it today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"We're finally leaving our houses. We're going out in the streets to celebrate this holiday, to visit our relatives. And we are seeing with our own eyes the pain and the destruction,\" said Tahani,a 30-year-old who was walking with her husband and three daughters. All wore matching pink outfits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Palestinians assess the damage in their home, hit by Israeli bombardment, in Gaza City on Friday after a cease-fire between Israel and Hamas.Mohammed Abed\/AFP via Getty Images<\/em><\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Al Wahida Street, Israeli airstrikes killed more than 40 people, according to Gaza health officials. A few buildings on the street collapsed, burying families alive. Israel says it was attacking a militant tunnel deep underground and that the buildings' foundations collapsed.Article continues after sponsor message<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The street is now a wall of rubble where apartments stood. A sofa lay crushed under a large piece of cement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who won this battle? Gazans say that they did.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a video-game shop, a young gamer named Hossam Ashour said that Hamas and Palestinians were defending Jerusalem, its Al-Aqsa Mosque and a neighborhood where Israel was set to evict Palestinians. Still, he said, Gazans don't deserve all this death and destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ashraf and four daughters dressed up for Eid holiday, celebrated a week late, in Gaza.Daniel Estrin\/NPR<\/em><\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

That destruction means a need for major rebuilding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hundreds of homes and businesses were damaged or destroyed. For now, Gazans are marking the rubble with signs that carry the name and phone number of the owner, so that they can be contacted when aid arrives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And there is the present danger of unexploded bombs. Also on Al Wahida Street, workers were removing two large unexploded missiles, under the watch of militants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fighting has stopped for now, but dangerous clearance work lies ahead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NPR's Daniel Estrin reported from Gaza City. NPR's Laurel Wamsley reported from Washington, D.C.<\/em><\/p>\n","post_title":"The Bombing Has Stopped, But Pain And Destruction Remain In Gaza City","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"the-bombing-has-stopped-but-pain-and-destruction-remain-in-gaza-city","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5288","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5276,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 21 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/news.un.org\/en\/story\/2021\/05\/1092482<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Speaking from Gaza, Matthias Schmale from the UN relief agency for Palestinians UNRWA, said that there was no \u201cgoing back to normal\u201d in the enclave, after more than 10 days of rocket fire and airstrike exchanges between the warring parties that have killed more than 250 people and injured thousands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cGoing back to normal life means having to watch very carefully where we are going; unexploded devices, we know that at least one school, one of our 278 schools, where we have established two deeply buried bombs, and we have alerted the Israeli authorities\u201d, he said. \u201cObviously we cannot just rush back into our buildings and schools, we have to make sure they\u2019re safe.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The senior UNRWA official also noted that the Kerem Shalom crossing was due to open for several hours on Friday but that for the duration of the clashes, it had not been possible to get people out for medical treatment, or aid reinforcements in.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mr. Schmale noted that UNRWA staff who are mainly residents of the region said that the violence had been \u201cworse in intensity and terror than 2014\u201d, before echoing the UN Secretary-General\u2019s call<\/a> for a meaningful political process to resolve the grievances of both Palestinians and Israelis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

War still looms<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNormality here also means 50 per cent employed and rising...I\u2019m convinced after being here two and a half years that we will be back in war unless underlying causes are not addressed; and from a Gaza perspective that means giving people and especially young people a dignified perspective of a dignified life\u201d, he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf you have your own money and take home your own money to buy food instead of depending on handouts from the UN\u201d, the top UN official added, \u201cyou\u2019re less likely to run into groupings like Hamas\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The UN Emergency Relief Coordinator, Mark Lowcock, allocated $4.5 million towards the cost of meeting rising needs across Gaza on Friday. The money comes from the Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF<\/a>), which is in addition to some $18 million allocated from the Occupied Palestinian Territory Humanitarian Fund, making for a total of $22.5 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is expected that an inter-agency Flash Appeal for the occupied Palestinian territory will be issued next week. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

UNICEF delivers aid containers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The UN Children\u2019s Fund, UNICEF<\/a>, delivered 18 containers of aid on Friday following the resumption of relative calm in the Gaza Strip, through the Kerem Shalom crossing, to support children and families in need.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Among the items delivered were first-aid kits, blood supply bags and solution, fire extinguishers, antibiotics and other infection-control kits, together with 10,000 doses of the Sinopharm\u00a0COVID-19<\/a>\u00a0vaccine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe are extremely thankful that a ceasefire agreement in the Gaza strip came into effect at 2am this morning, because the human toll there has been huge\u201d, said Lucia Elmi<\/a>, UNICEF Special Representative in Palestine. \u201cThis will allow families to have much-needed respite and allow for the delivery of much-needed humanitarian assistance and personnel to the Gaza Strip\u201d, she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

UN rights experts call for ICC probe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

UN independent human rights experts on Friday called on all parties<\/a> to the conflict in Gaza and Israel to respect the ceasefire, and urged an investigation by the International Criminal Court<\/a> (ICC) into the attacks on civilian populations and other \u201cgross violations of human rights\u201d, according to a statement released through the UN rights office (OHCHR<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts pointed to the forced evictions of Palestinian families living in Sheikh Jarrah and Silwan, in Occupied East Jerusalem, as the spark that set off a full-blown war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They said that at least 222 people, including 63 children, were killed in Gaza and 12 people died in Israel as a result of the fighting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More than 450 buildings in the Gaza Strip were completely destroyed or damaged by missiles, the statement continued. Among them were six hospitals, nine healthcare centres and a water desalination plant, supplying around 250,000 Palestinians with clean drinking water, as well as a tower which housed media outlets including the Al Jazeera network, and Associated Press (AP). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Asymmetry of power\u2019<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOwing to the vast asymmetry of power, the victims of this conflict are disproportionately Palestinians in Gaza, of whom over 74,000 have been forcibly displaced and made homeless, mostly women and children\u201d, the experts said. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe conflict has led to a new wave of unprecedented mass destruction of civilian homes and infrastructure, including electrical grids in Gaza, and indiscriminate or deliberate missile attacks on civilians and residential areas in Israel and Gaza, that violate not only international human rights standards, but amount as well to crimes under international law for which there is individual and State responsibility\u201d, the experts continued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts said that all \u201cindiscriminate or deliberate bombardment of civilians and towers housing civilians, media organizations and refugee camps in Gaza and Israel are war crimes that are, prima facie, not justified by the requirements of proportionality and necessity under international law. All parties who engage in such attacks must bear individual and State responsibility as appropriate.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Independent Special Rapporteurs, are appointed by the UN Human Rights Council<\/a> to monitor specific countries or thematic issues.\u202f They serve in their individual capacity and are not UN staff, nor are they paid by the Organization.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ceasefire can\u2019t hide scale of destruction in Gaza, UN warns, as rights experts call for ICC probe","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ceasefire-cant-hide-scale-of-destruction-in-gaza-un-warns-as-rights-experts-call-for-icc-probe","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5276","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5264,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wie selbst die mauretanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IBI World Frankreich \u2013 9. Mai 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endloser Sand. Wie in einem Albtraum. Eine Landschaft, in der kein Punkt unterschieden werden kann, um es mit Gedanken zu erfassen, keine richtige Richtung gibt. Es hei\u00dft Mauretanien und ist eines der \u00e4rmsten L\u00e4nder der Welt (157.), da hier fast zwei Drittel der Menschen von weniger als 5 US-Dollar pro Tag leben und noch nicht lesen und schreiben k\u00f6nnen[1]<\/a>. Man k\u00f6nnte denken, dass es eine Nation ist, die niemanden interessiert, deren Au\u00dfenpolitik sich darauf beschr\u00e4nkt, um Hilfe von reicheren L\u00e4ndern zu bitten und Konflikte zu vermeiden, die sowohl sozial als auch wirtschaftlich nicht \u00fcberlebbar w\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


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[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

While some laid blame on one side or the other, leaders overwhelmingly called for a lasting political solution to the conflict.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Gaza-Israel conflict in pictures: 11 days of destruction","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"gaza-israel-conflict-in-pictures-11-days-of-destruction","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5300","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5288,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 21:24:32","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 21:24:32","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 21 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2021\/05\/21\/999302436\/the-bombing-has-stopped-but-pain-and-destruction-remain-in-gaza-city?t=1621804721967<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

After 11 days of fighting between Israel and Hamas, a cease-fire went into effect at 2 a.m. local time Friday. Gaza health officials say at least 240 people were killed there by waves of airstrikes from Israel. Twelve people died in Israel from more than 4,000 rockets fired by militants in Gaza, according to Israeli officials.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Friday was the first day that foreign journalists were allowed to enter the Gaza Strip since the fighting began.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In Gaza City, fully intact buildings stood right next to where others had been flattened. One building looked like a layer cake, with one story stacked on top of the other.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Families walked together in the streets, dressed-up in fancy clothes \u2014 holiday clothes for Eid, the Muslim festival that marks the end of Ramadan and started last week. Due to the war, people had not been able to visit friends and relatives during the holiday, so they celebrated it today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"We're finally leaving our houses. We're going out in the streets to celebrate this holiday, to visit our relatives. And we are seeing with our own eyes the pain and the destruction,\" said Tahani,a 30-year-old who was walking with her husband and three daughters. All wore matching pink outfits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Palestinians assess the damage in their home, hit by Israeli bombardment, in Gaza City on Friday after a cease-fire between Israel and Hamas.Mohammed Abed\/AFP via Getty Images<\/em><\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Al Wahida Street, Israeli airstrikes killed more than 40 people, according to Gaza health officials. A few buildings on the street collapsed, burying families alive. Israel says it was attacking a militant tunnel deep underground and that the buildings' foundations collapsed.Article continues after sponsor message<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The street is now a wall of rubble where apartments stood. A sofa lay crushed under a large piece of cement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who won this battle? Gazans say that they did.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a video-game shop, a young gamer named Hossam Ashour said that Hamas and Palestinians were defending Jerusalem, its Al-Aqsa Mosque and a neighborhood where Israel was set to evict Palestinians. Still, he said, Gazans don't deserve all this death and destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ashraf and four daughters dressed up for Eid holiday, celebrated a week late, in Gaza.Daniel Estrin\/NPR<\/em><\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

That destruction means a need for major rebuilding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hundreds of homes and businesses were damaged or destroyed. For now, Gazans are marking the rubble with signs that carry the name and phone number of the owner, so that they can be contacted when aid arrives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And there is the present danger of unexploded bombs. Also on Al Wahida Street, workers were removing two large unexploded missiles, under the watch of militants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fighting has stopped for now, but dangerous clearance work lies ahead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NPR's Daniel Estrin reported from Gaza City. NPR's Laurel Wamsley reported from Washington, D.C.<\/em><\/p>\n","post_title":"The Bombing Has Stopped, But Pain And Destruction Remain In Gaza City","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"the-bombing-has-stopped-but-pain-and-destruction-remain-in-gaza-city","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5288","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5276,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 21 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/news.un.org\/en\/story\/2021\/05\/1092482<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Speaking from Gaza, Matthias Schmale from the UN relief agency for Palestinians UNRWA, said that there was no \u201cgoing back to normal\u201d in the enclave, after more than 10 days of rocket fire and airstrike exchanges between the warring parties that have killed more than 250 people and injured thousands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cGoing back to normal life means having to watch very carefully where we are going; unexploded devices, we know that at least one school, one of our 278 schools, where we have established two deeply buried bombs, and we have alerted the Israeli authorities\u201d, he said. \u201cObviously we cannot just rush back into our buildings and schools, we have to make sure they\u2019re safe.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The senior UNRWA official also noted that the Kerem Shalom crossing was due to open for several hours on Friday but that for the duration of the clashes, it had not been possible to get people out for medical treatment, or aid reinforcements in.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mr. Schmale noted that UNRWA staff who are mainly residents of the region said that the violence had been \u201cworse in intensity and terror than 2014\u201d, before echoing the UN Secretary-General\u2019s call<\/a> for a meaningful political process to resolve the grievances of both Palestinians and Israelis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

War still looms<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNormality here also means 50 per cent employed and rising...I\u2019m convinced after being here two and a half years that we will be back in war unless underlying causes are not addressed; and from a Gaza perspective that means giving people and especially young people a dignified perspective of a dignified life\u201d, he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf you have your own money and take home your own money to buy food instead of depending on handouts from the UN\u201d, the top UN official added, \u201cyou\u2019re less likely to run into groupings like Hamas\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The UN Emergency Relief Coordinator, Mark Lowcock, allocated $4.5 million towards the cost of meeting rising needs across Gaza on Friday. The money comes from the Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF<\/a>), which is in addition to some $18 million allocated from the Occupied Palestinian Territory Humanitarian Fund, making for a total of $22.5 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is expected that an inter-agency Flash Appeal for the occupied Palestinian territory will be issued next week. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

UNICEF delivers aid containers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The UN Children\u2019s Fund, UNICEF<\/a>, delivered 18 containers of aid on Friday following the resumption of relative calm in the Gaza Strip, through the Kerem Shalom crossing, to support children and families in need.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Among the items delivered were first-aid kits, blood supply bags and solution, fire extinguishers, antibiotics and other infection-control kits, together with 10,000 doses of the Sinopharm\u00a0COVID-19<\/a>\u00a0vaccine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe are extremely thankful that a ceasefire agreement in the Gaza strip came into effect at 2am this morning, because the human toll there has been huge\u201d, said Lucia Elmi<\/a>, UNICEF Special Representative in Palestine. \u201cThis will allow families to have much-needed respite and allow for the delivery of much-needed humanitarian assistance and personnel to the Gaza Strip\u201d, she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

UN rights experts call for ICC probe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

UN independent human rights experts on Friday called on all parties<\/a> to the conflict in Gaza and Israel to respect the ceasefire, and urged an investigation by the International Criminal Court<\/a> (ICC) into the attacks on civilian populations and other \u201cgross violations of human rights\u201d, according to a statement released through the UN rights office (OHCHR<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts pointed to the forced evictions of Palestinian families living in Sheikh Jarrah and Silwan, in Occupied East Jerusalem, as the spark that set off a full-blown war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They said that at least 222 people, including 63 children, were killed in Gaza and 12 people died in Israel as a result of the fighting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More than 450 buildings in the Gaza Strip were completely destroyed or damaged by missiles, the statement continued. Among them were six hospitals, nine healthcare centres and a water desalination plant, supplying around 250,000 Palestinians with clean drinking water, as well as a tower which housed media outlets including the Al Jazeera network, and Associated Press (AP). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Asymmetry of power\u2019<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOwing to the vast asymmetry of power, the victims of this conflict are disproportionately Palestinians in Gaza, of whom over 74,000 have been forcibly displaced and made homeless, mostly women and children\u201d, the experts said. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe conflict has led to a new wave of unprecedented mass destruction of civilian homes and infrastructure, including electrical grids in Gaza, and indiscriminate or deliberate missile attacks on civilians and residential areas in Israel and Gaza, that violate not only international human rights standards, but amount as well to crimes under international law for which there is individual and State responsibility\u201d, the experts continued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts said that all \u201cindiscriminate or deliberate bombardment of civilians and towers housing civilians, media organizations and refugee camps in Gaza and Israel are war crimes that are, prima facie, not justified by the requirements of proportionality and necessity under international law. All parties who engage in such attacks must bear individual and State responsibility as appropriate.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Independent Special Rapporteurs, are appointed by the UN Human Rights Council<\/a> to monitor specific countries or thematic issues.\u202f They serve in their individual capacity and are not UN staff, nor are they paid by the Organization.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ceasefire can\u2019t hide scale of destruction in Gaza, UN warns, as rights experts call for ICC probe","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ceasefire-cant-hide-scale-of-destruction-in-gaza-un-warns-as-rights-experts-call-for-icc-probe","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5276","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5264,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wie selbst die mauretanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IBI World Frankreich \u2013 9. Mai 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endloser Sand. Wie in einem Albtraum. Eine Landschaft, in der kein Punkt unterschieden werden kann, um es mit Gedanken zu erfassen, keine richtige Richtung gibt. Es hei\u00dft Mauretanien und ist eines der \u00e4rmsten L\u00e4nder der Welt (157.), da hier fast zwei Drittel der Menschen von weniger als 5 US-Dollar pro Tag leben und noch nicht lesen und schreiben k\u00f6nnen[1]<\/a>. Man k\u00f6nnte denken, dass es eine Nation ist, die niemanden interessiert, deren Au\u00dfenpolitik sich darauf beschr\u00e4nkt, um Hilfe von reicheren L\u00e4ndern zu bitten und Konflikte zu vermeiden, die sowohl sozial als auch wirtschaftlich nicht \u00fcberlebbar w\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

Presidents and prime ministers worldwide have welcomed the ceasefire, brokered by Egypt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While some laid blame on one side or the other, leaders overwhelmingly called for a lasting political solution to the conflict.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Gaza-Israel conflict in pictures: 11 days of destruction","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"gaza-israel-conflict-in-pictures-11-days-of-destruction","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5300","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5288,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 21:24:32","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 21:24:32","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 21 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2021\/05\/21\/999302436\/the-bombing-has-stopped-but-pain-and-destruction-remain-in-gaza-city?t=1621804721967<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

After 11 days of fighting between Israel and Hamas, a cease-fire went into effect at 2 a.m. local time Friday. Gaza health officials say at least 240 people were killed there by waves of airstrikes from Israel. Twelve people died in Israel from more than 4,000 rockets fired by militants in Gaza, according to Israeli officials.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Friday was the first day that foreign journalists were allowed to enter the Gaza Strip since the fighting began.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In Gaza City, fully intact buildings stood right next to where others had been flattened. One building looked like a layer cake, with one story stacked on top of the other.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Families walked together in the streets, dressed-up in fancy clothes \u2014 holiday clothes for Eid, the Muslim festival that marks the end of Ramadan and started last week. Due to the war, people had not been able to visit friends and relatives during the holiday, so they celebrated it today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"We're finally leaving our houses. We're going out in the streets to celebrate this holiday, to visit our relatives. And we are seeing with our own eyes the pain and the destruction,\" said Tahani,a 30-year-old who was walking with her husband and three daughters. All wore matching pink outfits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Palestinians assess the damage in their home, hit by Israeli bombardment, in Gaza City on Friday after a cease-fire between Israel and Hamas.Mohammed Abed\/AFP via Getty Images<\/em><\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Al Wahida Street, Israeli airstrikes killed more than 40 people, according to Gaza health officials. A few buildings on the street collapsed, burying families alive. Israel says it was attacking a militant tunnel deep underground and that the buildings' foundations collapsed.Article continues after sponsor message<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The street is now a wall of rubble where apartments stood. A sofa lay crushed under a large piece of cement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who won this battle? Gazans say that they did.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a video-game shop, a young gamer named Hossam Ashour said that Hamas and Palestinians were defending Jerusalem, its Al-Aqsa Mosque and a neighborhood where Israel was set to evict Palestinians. Still, he said, Gazans don't deserve all this death and destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ashraf and four daughters dressed up for Eid holiday, celebrated a week late, in Gaza.Daniel Estrin\/NPR<\/em><\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

That destruction means a need for major rebuilding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hundreds of homes and businesses were damaged or destroyed. For now, Gazans are marking the rubble with signs that carry the name and phone number of the owner, so that they can be contacted when aid arrives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And there is the present danger of unexploded bombs. Also on Al Wahida Street, workers were removing two large unexploded missiles, under the watch of militants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fighting has stopped for now, but dangerous clearance work lies ahead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NPR's Daniel Estrin reported from Gaza City. NPR's Laurel Wamsley reported from Washington, D.C.<\/em><\/p>\n","post_title":"The Bombing Has Stopped, But Pain And Destruction Remain In Gaza City","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"the-bombing-has-stopped-but-pain-and-destruction-remain-in-gaza-city","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5288","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5276,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 21 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/news.un.org\/en\/story\/2021\/05\/1092482<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Speaking from Gaza, Matthias Schmale from the UN relief agency for Palestinians UNRWA, said that there was no \u201cgoing back to normal\u201d in the enclave, after more than 10 days of rocket fire and airstrike exchanges between the warring parties that have killed more than 250 people and injured thousands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cGoing back to normal life means having to watch very carefully where we are going; unexploded devices, we know that at least one school, one of our 278 schools, where we have established two deeply buried bombs, and we have alerted the Israeli authorities\u201d, he said. \u201cObviously we cannot just rush back into our buildings and schools, we have to make sure they\u2019re safe.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The senior UNRWA official also noted that the Kerem Shalom crossing was due to open for several hours on Friday but that for the duration of the clashes, it had not been possible to get people out for medical treatment, or aid reinforcements in.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mr. Schmale noted that UNRWA staff who are mainly residents of the region said that the violence had been \u201cworse in intensity and terror than 2014\u201d, before echoing the UN Secretary-General\u2019s call<\/a> for a meaningful political process to resolve the grievances of both Palestinians and Israelis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

War still looms<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNormality here also means 50 per cent employed and rising...I\u2019m convinced after being here two and a half years that we will be back in war unless underlying causes are not addressed; and from a Gaza perspective that means giving people and especially young people a dignified perspective of a dignified life\u201d, he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf you have your own money and take home your own money to buy food instead of depending on handouts from the UN\u201d, the top UN official added, \u201cyou\u2019re less likely to run into groupings like Hamas\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The UN Emergency Relief Coordinator, Mark Lowcock, allocated $4.5 million towards the cost of meeting rising needs across Gaza on Friday. The money comes from the Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF<\/a>), which is in addition to some $18 million allocated from the Occupied Palestinian Territory Humanitarian Fund, making for a total of $22.5 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is expected that an inter-agency Flash Appeal for the occupied Palestinian territory will be issued next week. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

UNICEF delivers aid containers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The UN Children\u2019s Fund, UNICEF<\/a>, delivered 18 containers of aid on Friday following the resumption of relative calm in the Gaza Strip, through the Kerem Shalom crossing, to support children and families in need.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Among the items delivered were first-aid kits, blood supply bags and solution, fire extinguishers, antibiotics and other infection-control kits, together with 10,000 doses of the Sinopharm\u00a0COVID-19<\/a>\u00a0vaccine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe are extremely thankful that a ceasefire agreement in the Gaza strip came into effect at 2am this morning, because the human toll there has been huge\u201d, said Lucia Elmi<\/a>, UNICEF Special Representative in Palestine. \u201cThis will allow families to have much-needed respite and allow for the delivery of much-needed humanitarian assistance and personnel to the Gaza Strip\u201d, she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

UN rights experts call for ICC probe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

UN independent human rights experts on Friday called on all parties<\/a> to the conflict in Gaza and Israel to respect the ceasefire, and urged an investigation by the International Criminal Court<\/a> (ICC) into the attacks on civilian populations and other \u201cgross violations of human rights\u201d, according to a statement released through the UN rights office (OHCHR<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts pointed to the forced evictions of Palestinian families living in Sheikh Jarrah and Silwan, in Occupied East Jerusalem, as the spark that set off a full-blown war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They said that at least 222 people, including 63 children, were killed in Gaza and 12 people died in Israel as a result of the fighting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More than 450 buildings in the Gaza Strip were completely destroyed or damaged by missiles, the statement continued. Among them were six hospitals, nine healthcare centres and a water desalination plant, supplying around 250,000 Palestinians with clean drinking water, as well as a tower which housed media outlets including the Al Jazeera network, and Associated Press (AP). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Asymmetry of power\u2019<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOwing to the vast asymmetry of power, the victims of this conflict are disproportionately Palestinians in Gaza, of whom over 74,000 have been forcibly displaced and made homeless, mostly women and children\u201d, the experts said. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe conflict has led to a new wave of unprecedented mass destruction of civilian homes and infrastructure, including electrical grids in Gaza, and indiscriminate or deliberate missile attacks on civilians and residential areas in Israel and Gaza, that violate not only international human rights standards, but amount as well to crimes under international law for which there is individual and State responsibility\u201d, the experts continued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts said that all \u201cindiscriminate or deliberate bombardment of civilians and towers housing civilians, media organizations and refugee camps in Gaza and Israel are war crimes that are, prima facie, not justified by the requirements of proportionality and necessity under international law. All parties who engage in such attacks must bear individual and State responsibility as appropriate.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Independent Special Rapporteurs, are appointed by the UN Human Rights Council<\/a> to monitor specific countries or thematic issues.\u202f They serve in their individual capacity and are not UN staff, nor are they paid by the Organization.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ceasefire can\u2019t hide scale of destruction in Gaza, UN warns, as rights experts call for ICC probe","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ceasefire-cant-hide-scale-of-destruction-in-gaza-un-warns-as-rights-experts-call-for-icc-probe","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5276","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5264,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wie selbst die mauretanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IBI World Frankreich \u2013 9. Mai 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endloser Sand. Wie in einem Albtraum. Eine Landschaft, in der kein Punkt unterschieden werden kann, um es mit Gedanken zu erfassen, keine richtige Richtung gibt. Es hei\u00dft Mauretanien und ist eines der \u00e4rmsten L\u00e4nder der Welt (157.), da hier fast zwei Drittel der Menschen von weniger als 5 US-Dollar pro Tag leben und noch nicht lesen und schreiben k\u00f6nnen[1]<\/a>. Man k\u00f6nnte denken, dass es eine Nation ist, die niemanden interessiert, deren Au\u00dfenpolitik sich darauf beschr\u00e4nkt, um Hilfe von reicheren L\u00e4ndern zu bitten und Konflikte zu vermeiden, die sowohl sozial als auch wirtschaftlich nicht \u00fcberlebbar w\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n
\"An
An oil storage facility in southern Israel burns after it was hit by rocket fire from Gaza<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Presidents and prime ministers worldwide have welcomed the ceasefire, brokered by Egypt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While some laid blame on one side or the other, leaders overwhelmingly called for a lasting political solution to the conflict.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Gaza-Israel conflict in pictures: 11 days of destruction","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"gaza-israel-conflict-in-pictures-11-days-of-destruction","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5300","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5288,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 21:24:32","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 21:24:32","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 21 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2021\/05\/21\/999302436\/the-bombing-has-stopped-but-pain-and-destruction-remain-in-gaza-city?t=1621804721967<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

After 11 days of fighting between Israel and Hamas, a cease-fire went into effect at 2 a.m. local time Friday. Gaza health officials say at least 240 people were killed there by waves of airstrikes from Israel. Twelve people died in Israel from more than 4,000 rockets fired by militants in Gaza, according to Israeli officials.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Friday was the first day that foreign journalists were allowed to enter the Gaza Strip since the fighting began.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In Gaza City, fully intact buildings stood right next to where others had been flattened. One building looked like a layer cake, with one story stacked on top of the other.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Families walked together in the streets, dressed-up in fancy clothes \u2014 holiday clothes for Eid, the Muslim festival that marks the end of Ramadan and started last week. Due to the war, people had not been able to visit friends and relatives during the holiday, so they celebrated it today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"We're finally leaving our houses. We're going out in the streets to celebrate this holiday, to visit our relatives. And we are seeing with our own eyes the pain and the destruction,\" said Tahani,a 30-year-old who was walking with her husband and three daughters. All wore matching pink outfits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Palestinians assess the damage in their home, hit by Israeli bombardment, in Gaza City on Friday after a cease-fire between Israel and Hamas.Mohammed Abed\/AFP via Getty Images<\/em><\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Al Wahida Street, Israeli airstrikes killed more than 40 people, according to Gaza health officials. A few buildings on the street collapsed, burying families alive. Israel says it was attacking a militant tunnel deep underground and that the buildings' foundations collapsed.Article continues after sponsor message<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The street is now a wall of rubble where apartments stood. A sofa lay crushed under a large piece of cement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who won this battle? Gazans say that they did.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a video-game shop, a young gamer named Hossam Ashour said that Hamas and Palestinians were defending Jerusalem, its Al-Aqsa Mosque and a neighborhood where Israel was set to evict Palestinians. Still, he said, Gazans don't deserve all this death and destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ashraf and four daughters dressed up for Eid holiday, celebrated a week late, in Gaza.Daniel Estrin\/NPR<\/em><\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

That destruction means a need for major rebuilding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hundreds of homes and businesses were damaged or destroyed. For now, Gazans are marking the rubble with signs that carry the name and phone number of the owner, so that they can be contacted when aid arrives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And there is the present danger of unexploded bombs. Also on Al Wahida Street, workers were removing two large unexploded missiles, under the watch of militants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fighting has stopped for now, but dangerous clearance work lies ahead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NPR's Daniel Estrin reported from Gaza City. NPR's Laurel Wamsley reported from Washington, D.C.<\/em><\/p>\n","post_title":"The Bombing Has Stopped, But Pain And Destruction Remain In Gaza City","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"the-bombing-has-stopped-but-pain-and-destruction-remain-in-gaza-city","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5288","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5276,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 21 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/news.un.org\/en\/story\/2021\/05\/1092482<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Speaking from Gaza, Matthias Schmale from the UN relief agency for Palestinians UNRWA, said that there was no \u201cgoing back to normal\u201d in the enclave, after more than 10 days of rocket fire and airstrike exchanges between the warring parties that have killed more than 250 people and injured thousands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cGoing back to normal life means having to watch very carefully where we are going; unexploded devices, we know that at least one school, one of our 278 schools, where we have established two deeply buried bombs, and we have alerted the Israeli authorities\u201d, he said. \u201cObviously we cannot just rush back into our buildings and schools, we have to make sure they\u2019re safe.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The senior UNRWA official also noted that the Kerem Shalom crossing was due to open for several hours on Friday but that for the duration of the clashes, it had not been possible to get people out for medical treatment, or aid reinforcements in.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mr. Schmale noted that UNRWA staff who are mainly residents of the region said that the violence had been \u201cworse in intensity and terror than 2014\u201d, before echoing the UN Secretary-General\u2019s call<\/a> for a meaningful political process to resolve the grievances of both Palestinians and Israelis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

War still looms<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNormality here also means 50 per cent employed and rising...I\u2019m convinced after being here two and a half years that we will be back in war unless underlying causes are not addressed; and from a Gaza perspective that means giving people and especially young people a dignified perspective of a dignified life\u201d, he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf you have your own money and take home your own money to buy food instead of depending on handouts from the UN\u201d, the top UN official added, \u201cyou\u2019re less likely to run into groupings like Hamas\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The UN Emergency Relief Coordinator, Mark Lowcock, allocated $4.5 million towards the cost of meeting rising needs across Gaza on Friday. The money comes from the Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF<\/a>), which is in addition to some $18 million allocated from the Occupied Palestinian Territory Humanitarian Fund, making for a total of $22.5 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is expected that an inter-agency Flash Appeal for the occupied Palestinian territory will be issued next week. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

UNICEF delivers aid containers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The UN Children\u2019s Fund, UNICEF<\/a>, delivered 18 containers of aid on Friday following the resumption of relative calm in the Gaza Strip, through the Kerem Shalom crossing, to support children and families in need.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Among the items delivered were first-aid kits, blood supply bags and solution, fire extinguishers, antibiotics and other infection-control kits, together with 10,000 doses of the Sinopharm\u00a0COVID-19<\/a>\u00a0vaccine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe are extremely thankful that a ceasefire agreement in the Gaza strip came into effect at 2am this morning, because the human toll there has been huge\u201d, said Lucia Elmi<\/a>, UNICEF Special Representative in Palestine. \u201cThis will allow families to have much-needed respite and allow for the delivery of much-needed humanitarian assistance and personnel to the Gaza Strip\u201d, she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

UN rights experts call for ICC probe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

UN independent human rights experts on Friday called on all parties<\/a> to the conflict in Gaza and Israel to respect the ceasefire, and urged an investigation by the International Criminal Court<\/a> (ICC) into the attacks on civilian populations and other \u201cgross violations of human rights\u201d, according to a statement released through the UN rights office (OHCHR<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts pointed to the forced evictions of Palestinian families living in Sheikh Jarrah and Silwan, in Occupied East Jerusalem, as the spark that set off a full-blown war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They said that at least 222 people, including 63 children, were killed in Gaza and 12 people died in Israel as a result of the fighting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More than 450 buildings in the Gaza Strip were completely destroyed or damaged by missiles, the statement continued. Among them were six hospitals, nine healthcare centres and a water desalination plant, supplying around 250,000 Palestinians with clean drinking water, as well as a tower which housed media outlets including the Al Jazeera network, and Associated Press (AP). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Asymmetry of power\u2019<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOwing to the vast asymmetry of power, the victims of this conflict are disproportionately Palestinians in Gaza, of whom over 74,000 have been forcibly displaced and made homeless, mostly women and children\u201d, the experts said. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe conflict has led to a new wave of unprecedented mass destruction of civilian homes and infrastructure, including electrical grids in Gaza, and indiscriminate or deliberate missile attacks on civilians and residential areas in Israel and Gaza, that violate not only international human rights standards, but amount as well to crimes under international law for which there is individual and State responsibility\u201d, the experts continued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts said that all \u201cindiscriminate or deliberate bombardment of civilians and towers housing civilians, media organizations and refugee camps in Gaza and Israel are war crimes that are, prima facie, not justified by the requirements of proportionality and necessity under international law. All parties who engage in such attacks must bear individual and State responsibility as appropriate.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Independent Special Rapporteurs, are appointed by the UN Human Rights Council<\/a> to monitor specific countries or thematic issues.\u202f They serve in their individual capacity and are not UN staff, nor are they paid by the Organization.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ceasefire can\u2019t hide scale of destruction in Gaza, UN warns, as rights experts call for ICC probe","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ceasefire-cant-hide-scale-of-destruction-in-gaza-un-warns-as-rights-experts-call-for-icc-probe","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5276","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5264,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wie selbst die mauretanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IBI World Frankreich \u2013 9. Mai 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endloser Sand. Wie in einem Albtraum. Eine Landschaft, in der kein Punkt unterschieden werden kann, um es mit Gedanken zu erfassen, keine richtige Richtung gibt. Es hei\u00dft Mauretanien und ist eines der \u00e4rmsten L\u00e4nder der Welt (157.), da hier fast zwei Drittel der Menschen von weniger als 5 US-Dollar pro Tag leben und noch nicht lesen und schreiben k\u00f6nnen[1]<\/a>. Man k\u00f6nnte denken, dass es eine Nation ist, die niemanden interessiert, deren Au\u00dfenpolitik sich darauf beschr\u00e4nkt, um Hilfe von reicheren L\u00e4ndern zu bitten und Konflikte zu vermeiden, die sowohl sozial als auch wirtschaftlich nicht \u00fcberlebbar w\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n
\"An
An Israeli man walks through his home in Sderot after it was hit by a rocket fired from Gaza<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"An
An oil storage facility in southern Israel burns after it was hit by rocket fire from Gaza<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Presidents and prime ministers worldwide have welcomed the ceasefire, brokered by Egypt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While some laid blame on one side or the other, leaders overwhelmingly called for a lasting political solution to the conflict.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Gaza-Israel conflict in pictures: 11 days of destruction","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"gaza-israel-conflict-in-pictures-11-days-of-destruction","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5300","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5288,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 21:24:32","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 21:24:32","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 21 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2021\/05\/21\/999302436\/the-bombing-has-stopped-but-pain-and-destruction-remain-in-gaza-city?t=1621804721967<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

After 11 days of fighting between Israel and Hamas, a cease-fire went into effect at 2 a.m. local time Friday. Gaza health officials say at least 240 people were killed there by waves of airstrikes from Israel. Twelve people died in Israel from more than 4,000 rockets fired by militants in Gaza, according to Israeli officials.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Friday was the first day that foreign journalists were allowed to enter the Gaza Strip since the fighting began.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In Gaza City, fully intact buildings stood right next to where others had been flattened. One building looked like a layer cake, with one story stacked on top of the other.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Families walked together in the streets, dressed-up in fancy clothes \u2014 holiday clothes for Eid, the Muslim festival that marks the end of Ramadan and started last week. Due to the war, people had not been able to visit friends and relatives during the holiday, so they celebrated it today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"We're finally leaving our houses. We're going out in the streets to celebrate this holiday, to visit our relatives. And we are seeing with our own eyes the pain and the destruction,\" said Tahani,a 30-year-old who was walking with her husband and three daughters. All wore matching pink outfits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Palestinians assess the damage in their home, hit by Israeli bombardment, in Gaza City on Friday after a cease-fire between Israel and Hamas.Mohammed Abed\/AFP via Getty Images<\/em><\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Al Wahida Street, Israeli airstrikes killed more than 40 people, according to Gaza health officials. A few buildings on the street collapsed, burying families alive. Israel says it was attacking a militant tunnel deep underground and that the buildings' foundations collapsed.Article continues after sponsor message<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The street is now a wall of rubble where apartments stood. A sofa lay crushed under a large piece of cement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who won this battle? Gazans say that they did.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a video-game shop, a young gamer named Hossam Ashour said that Hamas and Palestinians were defending Jerusalem, its Al-Aqsa Mosque and a neighborhood where Israel was set to evict Palestinians. Still, he said, Gazans don't deserve all this death and destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ashraf and four daughters dressed up for Eid holiday, celebrated a week late, in Gaza.Daniel Estrin\/NPR<\/em><\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

That destruction means a need for major rebuilding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hundreds of homes and businesses were damaged or destroyed. For now, Gazans are marking the rubble with signs that carry the name and phone number of the owner, so that they can be contacted when aid arrives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And there is the present danger of unexploded bombs. Also on Al Wahida Street, workers were removing two large unexploded missiles, under the watch of militants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fighting has stopped for now, but dangerous clearance work lies ahead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NPR's Daniel Estrin reported from Gaza City. NPR's Laurel Wamsley reported from Washington, D.C.<\/em><\/p>\n","post_title":"The Bombing Has Stopped, But Pain And Destruction Remain In Gaza City","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"the-bombing-has-stopped-but-pain-and-destruction-remain-in-gaza-city","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5288","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5276,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 21 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/news.un.org\/en\/story\/2021\/05\/1092482<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Speaking from Gaza, Matthias Schmale from the UN relief agency for Palestinians UNRWA, said that there was no \u201cgoing back to normal\u201d in the enclave, after more than 10 days of rocket fire and airstrike exchanges between the warring parties that have killed more than 250 people and injured thousands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cGoing back to normal life means having to watch very carefully where we are going; unexploded devices, we know that at least one school, one of our 278 schools, where we have established two deeply buried bombs, and we have alerted the Israeli authorities\u201d, he said. \u201cObviously we cannot just rush back into our buildings and schools, we have to make sure they\u2019re safe.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The senior UNRWA official also noted that the Kerem Shalom crossing was due to open for several hours on Friday but that for the duration of the clashes, it had not been possible to get people out for medical treatment, or aid reinforcements in.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mr. Schmale noted that UNRWA staff who are mainly residents of the region said that the violence had been \u201cworse in intensity and terror than 2014\u201d, before echoing the UN Secretary-General\u2019s call<\/a> for a meaningful political process to resolve the grievances of both Palestinians and Israelis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

War still looms<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNormality here also means 50 per cent employed and rising...I\u2019m convinced after being here two and a half years that we will be back in war unless underlying causes are not addressed; and from a Gaza perspective that means giving people and especially young people a dignified perspective of a dignified life\u201d, he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf you have your own money and take home your own money to buy food instead of depending on handouts from the UN\u201d, the top UN official added, \u201cyou\u2019re less likely to run into groupings like Hamas\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The UN Emergency Relief Coordinator, Mark Lowcock, allocated $4.5 million towards the cost of meeting rising needs across Gaza on Friday. The money comes from the Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF<\/a>), which is in addition to some $18 million allocated from the Occupied Palestinian Territory Humanitarian Fund, making for a total of $22.5 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is expected that an inter-agency Flash Appeal for the occupied Palestinian territory will be issued next week. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

UNICEF delivers aid containers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The UN Children\u2019s Fund, UNICEF<\/a>, delivered 18 containers of aid on Friday following the resumption of relative calm in the Gaza Strip, through the Kerem Shalom crossing, to support children and families in need.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Among the items delivered were first-aid kits, blood supply bags and solution, fire extinguishers, antibiotics and other infection-control kits, together with 10,000 doses of the Sinopharm\u00a0COVID-19<\/a>\u00a0vaccine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe are extremely thankful that a ceasefire agreement in the Gaza strip came into effect at 2am this morning, because the human toll there has been huge\u201d, said Lucia Elmi<\/a>, UNICEF Special Representative in Palestine. \u201cThis will allow families to have much-needed respite and allow for the delivery of much-needed humanitarian assistance and personnel to the Gaza Strip\u201d, she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

UN rights experts call for ICC probe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

UN independent human rights experts on Friday called on all parties<\/a> to the conflict in Gaza and Israel to respect the ceasefire, and urged an investigation by the International Criminal Court<\/a> (ICC) into the attacks on civilian populations and other \u201cgross violations of human rights\u201d, according to a statement released through the UN rights office (OHCHR<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts pointed to the forced evictions of Palestinian families living in Sheikh Jarrah and Silwan, in Occupied East Jerusalem, as the spark that set off a full-blown war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They said that at least 222 people, including 63 children, were killed in Gaza and 12 people died in Israel as a result of the fighting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More than 450 buildings in the Gaza Strip were completely destroyed or damaged by missiles, the statement continued. Among them were six hospitals, nine healthcare centres and a water desalination plant, supplying around 250,000 Palestinians with clean drinking water, as well as a tower which housed media outlets including the Al Jazeera network, and Associated Press (AP). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Asymmetry of power\u2019<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOwing to the vast asymmetry of power, the victims of this conflict are disproportionately Palestinians in Gaza, of whom over 74,000 have been forcibly displaced and made homeless, mostly women and children\u201d, the experts said. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe conflict has led to a new wave of unprecedented mass destruction of civilian homes and infrastructure, including electrical grids in Gaza, and indiscriminate or deliberate missile attacks on civilians and residential areas in Israel and Gaza, that violate not only international human rights standards, but amount as well to crimes under international law for which there is individual and State responsibility\u201d, the experts continued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts said that all \u201cindiscriminate or deliberate bombardment of civilians and towers housing civilians, media organizations and refugee camps in Gaza and Israel are war crimes that are, prima facie, not justified by the requirements of proportionality and necessity under international law. All parties who engage in such attacks must bear individual and State responsibility as appropriate.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Independent Special Rapporteurs, are appointed by the UN Human Rights Council<\/a> to monitor specific countries or thematic issues.\u202f They serve in their individual capacity and are not UN staff, nor are they paid by the Organization.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ceasefire can\u2019t hide scale of destruction in Gaza, UN warns, as rights experts call for ICC probe","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ceasefire-cant-hide-scale-of-destruction-in-gaza-un-warns-as-rights-experts-call-for-icc-probe","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5276","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5264,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wie selbst die mauretanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IBI World Frankreich \u2013 9. Mai 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endloser Sand. Wie in einem Albtraum. Eine Landschaft, in der kein Punkt unterschieden werden kann, um es mit Gedanken zu erfassen, keine richtige Richtung gibt. Es hei\u00dft Mauretanien und ist eines der \u00e4rmsten L\u00e4nder der Welt (157.), da hier fast zwei Drittel der Menschen von weniger als 5 US-Dollar pro Tag leben und noch nicht lesen und schreiben k\u00f6nnen[1]<\/a>. Man k\u00f6nnte denken, dass es eine Nation ist, die niemanden interessiert, deren Au\u00dfenpolitik sich darauf beschr\u00e4nkt, um Hilfe von reicheren L\u00e4ndern zu bitten und Konflikte zu vermeiden, die sowohl sozial als auch wirtschaftlich nicht \u00fcberlebbar w\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n
\"The
Gaza City's al-Jalaa tower in ruins after an Israeli air strike<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"An
An Israeli man walks through his home in Sderot after it was hit by a rocket fired from Gaza<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"An
An oil storage facility in southern Israel burns after it was hit by rocket fire from Gaza<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Presidents and prime ministers worldwide have welcomed the ceasefire, brokered by Egypt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While some laid blame on one side or the other, leaders overwhelmingly called for a lasting political solution to the conflict.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Gaza-Israel conflict in pictures: 11 days of destruction","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"gaza-israel-conflict-in-pictures-11-days-of-destruction","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5300","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5288,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 21:24:32","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 21:24:32","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 21 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2021\/05\/21\/999302436\/the-bombing-has-stopped-but-pain-and-destruction-remain-in-gaza-city?t=1621804721967<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

After 11 days of fighting between Israel and Hamas, a cease-fire went into effect at 2 a.m. local time Friday. Gaza health officials say at least 240 people were killed there by waves of airstrikes from Israel. Twelve people died in Israel from more than 4,000 rockets fired by militants in Gaza, according to Israeli officials.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Friday was the first day that foreign journalists were allowed to enter the Gaza Strip since the fighting began.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In Gaza City, fully intact buildings stood right next to where others had been flattened. One building looked like a layer cake, with one story stacked on top of the other.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Families walked together in the streets, dressed-up in fancy clothes \u2014 holiday clothes for Eid, the Muslim festival that marks the end of Ramadan and started last week. Due to the war, people had not been able to visit friends and relatives during the holiday, so they celebrated it today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"We're finally leaving our houses. We're going out in the streets to celebrate this holiday, to visit our relatives. And we are seeing with our own eyes the pain and the destruction,\" said Tahani,a 30-year-old who was walking with her husband and three daughters. All wore matching pink outfits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Palestinians assess the damage in their home, hit by Israeli bombardment, in Gaza City on Friday after a cease-fire between Israel and Hamas.Mohammed Abed\/AFP via Getty Images<\/em><\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Al Wahida Street, Israeli airstrikes killed more than 40 people, according to Gaza health officials. A few buildings on the street collapsed, burying families alive. Israel says it was attacking a militant tunnel deep underground and that the buildings' foundations collapsed.Article continues after sponsor message<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The street is now a wall of rubble where apartments stood. A sofa lay crushed under a large piece of cement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who won this battle? Gazans say that they did.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a video-game shop, a young gamer named Hossam Ashour said that Hamas and Palestinians were defending Jerusalem, its Al-Aqsa Mosque and a neighborhood where Israel was set to evict Palestinians. Still, he said, Gazans don't deserve all this death and destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ashraf and four daughters dressed up for Eid holiday, celebrated a week late, in Gaza.Daniel Estrin\/NPR<\/em><\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

That destruction means a need for major rebuilding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hundreds of homes and businesses were damaged or destroyed. For now, Gazans are marking the rubble with signs that carry the name and phone number of the owner, so that they can be contacted when aid arrives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And there is the present danger of unexploded bombs. Also on Al Wahida Street, workers were removing two large unexploded missiles, under the watch of militants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fighting has stopped for now, but dangerous clearance work lies ahead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NPR's Daniel Estrin reported from Gaza City. NPR's Laurel Wamsley reported from Washington, D.C.<\/em><\/p>\n","post_title":"The Bombing Has Stopped, But Pain And Destruction Remain In Gaza City","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"the-bombing-has-stopped-but-pain-and-destruction-remain-in-gaza-city","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5288","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5276,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 21 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/news.un.org\/en\/story\/2021\/05\/1092482<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Speaking from Gaza, Matthias Schmale from the UN relief agency for Palestinians UNRWA, said that there was no \u201cgoing back to normal\u201d in the enclave, after more than 10 days of rocket fire and airstrike exchanges between the warring parties that have killed more than 250 people and injured thousands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cGoing back to normal life means having to watch very carefully where we are going; unexploded devices, we know that at least one school, one of our 278 schools, where we have established two deeply buried bombs, and we have alerted the Israeli authorities\u201d, he said. \u201cObviously we cannot just rush back into our buildings and schools, we have to make sure they\u2019re safe.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The senior UNRWA official also noted that the Kerem Shalom crossing was due to open for several hours on Friday but that for the duration of the clashes, it had not been possible to get people out for medical treatment, or aid reinforcements in.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mr. Schmale noted that UNRWA staff who are mainly residents of the region said that the violence had been \u201cworse in intensity and terror than 2014\u201d, before echoing the UN Secretary-General\u2019s call<\/a> for a meaningful political process to resolve the grievances of both Palestinians and Israelis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

War still looms<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNormality here also means 50 per cent employed and rising...I\u2019m convinced after being here two and a half years that we will be back in war unless underlying causes are not addressed; and from a Gaza perspective that means giving people and especially young people a dignified perspective of a dignified life\u201d, he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf you have your own money and take home your own money to buy food instead of depending on handouts from the UN\u201d, the top UN official added, \u201cyou\u2019re less likely to run into groupings like Hamas\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The UN Emergency Relief Coordinator, Mark Lowcock, allocated $4.5 million towards the cost of meeting rising needs across Gaza on Friday. The money comes from the Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF<\/a>), which is in addition to some $18 million allocated from the Occupied Palestinian Territory Humanitarian Fund, making for a total of $22.5 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is expected that an inter-agency Flash Appeal for the occupied Palestinian territory will be issued next week. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

UNICEF delivers aid containers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The UN Children\u2019s Fund, UNICEF<\/a>, delivered 18 containers of aid on Friday following the resumption of relative calm in the Gaza Strip, through the Kerem Shalom crossing, to support children and families in need.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Among the items delivered were first-aid kits, blood supply bags and solution, fire extinguishers, antibiotics and other infection-control kits, together with 10,000 doses of the Sinopharm\u00a0COVID-19<\/a>\u00a0vaccine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe are extremely thankful that a ceasefire agreement in the Gaza strip came into effect at 2am this morning, because the human toll there has been huge\u201d, said Lucia Elmi<\/a>, UNICEF Special Representative in Palestine. \u201cThis will allow families to have much-needed respite and allow for the delivery of much-needed humanitarian assistance and personnel to the Gaza Strip\u201d, she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

UN rights experts call for ICC probe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

UN independent human rights experts on Friday called on all parties<\/a> to the conflict in Gaza and Israel to respect the ceasefire, and urged an investigation by the International Criminal Court<\/a> (ICC) into the attacks on civilian populations and other \u201cgross violations of human rights\u201d, according to a statement released through the UN rights office (OHCHR<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts pointed to the forced evictions of Palestinian families living in Sheikh Jarrah and Silwan, in Occupied East Jerusalem, as the spark that set off a full-blown war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They said that at least 222 people, including 63 children, were killed in Gaza and 12 people died in Israel as a result of the fighting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More than 450 buildings in the Gaza Strip were completely destroyed or damaged by missiles, the statement continued. Among them were six hospitals, nine healthcare centres and a water desalination plant, supplying around 250,000 Palestinians with clean drinking water, as well as a tower which housed media outlets including the Al Jazeera network, and Associated Press (AP). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Asymmetry of power\u2019<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOwing to the vast asymmetry of power, the victims of this conflict are disproportionately Palestinians in Gaza, of whom over 74,000 have been forcibly displaced and made homeless, mostly women and children\u201d, the experts said. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe conflict has led to a new wave of unprecedented mass destruction of civilian homes and infrastructure, including electrical grids in Gaza, and indiscriminate or deliberate missile attacks on civilians and residential areas in Israel and Gaza, that violate not only international human rights standards, but amount as well to crimes under international law for which there is individual and State responsibility\u201d, the experts continued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts said that all \u201cindiscriminate or deliberate bombardment of civilians and towers housing civilians, media organizations and refugee camps in Gaza and Israel are war crimes that are, prima facie, not justified by the requirements of proportionality and necessity under international law. All parties who engage in such attacks must bear individual and State responsibility as appropriate.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Independent Special Rapporteurs, are appointed by the UN Human Rights Council<\/a> to monitor specific countries or thematic issues.\u202f They serve in their individual capacity and are not UN staff, nor are they paid by the Organization.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ceasefire can\u2019t hide scale of destruction in Gaza, UN warns, as rights experts call for ICC probe","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ceasefire-cant-hide-scale-of-destruction-in-gaza-un-warns-as-rights-experts-call-for-icc-probe","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5276","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5264,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wie selbst die mauretanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IBI World Frankreich \u2013 9. Mai 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endloser Sand. Wie in einem Albtraum. Eine Landschaft, in der kein Punkt unterschieden werden kann, um es mit Gedanken zu erfassen, keine richtige Richtung gibt. Es hei\u00dft Mauretanien und ist eines der \u00e4rmsten L\u00e4nder der Welt (157.), da hier fast zwei Drittel der Menschen von weniger als 5 US-Dollar pro Tag leben und noch nicht lesen und schreiben k\u00f6nnen[1]<\/a>. Man k\u00f6nnte denken, dass es eine Nation ist, die niemanden interessiert, deren Au\u00dfenpolitik sich darauf beschr\u00e4nkt, um Hilfe von reicheren L\u00e4ndern zu bitten und Konflikte zu vermeiden, die sowohl sozial als auch wirtschaftlich nicht \u00fcberlebbar w\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


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[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n
\"Broken
Broken mannequins lie on the floor outside a shop damaged by an Israeli air strike in Gaza City<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"The
Gaza City's al-Jalaa tower in ruins after an Israeli air strike<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"An
An Israeli man walks through his home in Sderot after it was hit by a rocket fired from Gaza<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"An
An oil storage facility in southern Israel burns after it was hit by rocket fire from Gaza<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Presidents and prime ministers worldwide have welcomed the ceasefire, brokered by Egypt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While some laid blame on one side or the other, leaders overwhelmingly called for a lasting political solution to the conflict.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Gaza-Israel conflict in pictures: 11 days of destruction","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"gaza-israel-conflict-in-pictures-11-days-of-destruction","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5300","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5288,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 21:24:32","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 21:24:32","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 21 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2021\/05\/21\/999302436\/the-bombing-has-stopped-but-pain-and-destruction-remain-in-gaza-city?t=1621804721967<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

After 11 days of fighting between Israel and Hamas, a cease-fire went into effect at 2 a.m. local time Friday. Gaza health officials say at least 240 people were killed there by waves of airstrikes from Israel. Twelve people died in Israel from more than 4,000 rockets fired by militants in Gaza, according to Israeli officials.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Friday was the first day that foreign journalists were allowed to enter the Gaza Strip since the fighting began.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In Gaza City, fully intact buildings stood right next to where others had been flattened. One building looked like a layer cake, with one story stacked on top of the other.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Families walked together in the streets, dressed-up in fancy clothes \u2014 holiday clothes for Eid, the Muslim festival that marks the end of Ramadan and started last week. Due to the war, people had not been able to visit friends and relatives during the holiday, so they celebrated it today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"We're finally leaving our houses. We're going out in the streets to celebrate this holiday, to visit our relatives. And we are seeing with our own eyes the pain and the destruction,\" said Tahani,a 30-year-old who was walking with her husband and three daughters. All wore matching pink outfits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Palestinians assess the damage in their home, hit by Israeli bombardment, in Gaza City on Friday after a cease-fire between Israel and Hamas.Mohammed Abed\/AFP via Getty Images<\/em><\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Al Wahida Street, Israeli airstrikes killed more than 40 people, according to Gaza health officials. A few buildings on the street collapsed, burying families alive. Israel says it was attacking a militant tunnel deep underground and that the buildings' foundations collapsed.Article continues after sponsor message<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The street is now a wall of rubble where apartments stood. A sofa lay crushed under a large piece of cement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who won this battle? Gazans say that they did.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a video-game shop, a young gamer named Hossam Ashour said that Hamas and Palestinians were defending Jerusalem, its Al-Aqsa Mosque and a neighborhood where Israel was set to evict Palestinians. Still, he said, Gazans don't deserve all this death and destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ashraf and four daughters dressed up for Eid holiday, celebrated a week late, in Gaza.Daniel Estrin\/NPR<\/em><\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

That destruction means a need for major rebuilding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hundreds of homes and businesses were damaged or destroyed. For now, Gazans are marking the rubble with signs that carry the name and phone number of the owner, so that they can be contacted when aid arrives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And there is the present danger of unexploded bombs. Also on Al Wahida Street, workers were removing two large unexploded missiles, under the watch of militants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fighting has stopped for now, but dangerous clearance work lies ahead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NPR's Daniel Estrin reported from Gaza City. NPR's Laurel Wamsley reported from Washington, D.C.<\/em><\/p>\n","post_title":"The Bombing Has Stopped, But Pain And Destruction Remain In Gaza City","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"the-bombing-has-stopped-but-pain-and-destruction-remain-in-gaza-city","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5288","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5276,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 21 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/news.un.org\/en\/story\/2021\/05\/1092482<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Speaking from Gaza, Matthias Schmale from the UN relief agency for Palestinians UNRWA, said that there was no \u201cgoing back to normal\u201d in the enclave, after more than 10 days of rocket fire and airstrike exchanges between the warring parties that have killed more than 250 people and injured thousands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cGoing back to normal life means having to watch very carefully where we are going; unexploded devices, we know that at least one school, one of our 278 schools, where we have established two deeply buried bombs, and we have alerted the Israeli authorities\u201d, he said. \u201cObviously we cannot just rush back into our buildings and schools, we have to make sure they\u2019re safe.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The senior UNRWA official also noted that the Kerem Shalom crossing was due to open for several hours on Friday but that for the duration of the clashes, it had not been possible to get people out for medical treatment, or aid reinforcements in.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mr. Schmale noted that UNRWA staff who are mainly residents of the region said that the violence had been \u201cworse in intensity and terror than 2014\u201d, before echoing the UN Secretary-General\u2019s call<\/a> for a meaningful political process to resolve the grievances of both Palestinians and Israelis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

War still looms<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNormality here also means 50 per cent employed and rising...I\u2019m convinced after being here two and a half years that we will be back in war unless underlying causes are not addressed; and from a Gaza perspective that means giving people and especially young people a dignified perspective of a dignified life\u201d, he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf you have your own money and take home your own money to buy food instead of depending on handouts from the UN\u201d, the top UN official added, \u201cyou\u2019re less likely to run into groupings like Hamas\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The UN Emergency Relief Coordinator, Mark Lowcock, allocated $4.5 million towards the cost of meeting rising needs across Gaza on Friday. The money comes from the Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF<\/a>), which is in addition to some $18 million allocated from the Occupied Palestinian Territory Humanitarian Fund, making for a total of $22.5 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is expected that an inter-agency Flash Appeal for the occupied Palestinian territory will be issued next week. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

UNICEF delivers aid containers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The UN Children\u2019s Fund, UNICEF<\/a>, delivered 18 containers of aid on Friday following the resumption of relative calm in the Gaza Strip, through the Kerem Shalom crossing, to support children and families in need.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Among the items delivered were first-aid kits, blood supply bags and solution, fire extinguishers, antibiotics and other infection-control kits, together with 10,000 doses of the Sinopharm\u00a0COVID-19<\/a>\u00a0vaccine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe are extremely thankful that a ceasefire agreement in the Gaza strip came into effect at 2am this morning, because the human toll there has been huge\u201d, said Lucia Elmi<\/a>, UNICEF Special Representative in Palestine. \u201cThis will allow families to have much-needed respite and allow for the delivery of much-needed humanitarian assistance and personnel to the Gaza Strip\u201d, she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

UN rights experts call for ICC probe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

UN independent human rights experts on Friday called on all parties<\/a> to the conflict in Gaza and Israel to respect the ceasefire, and urged an investigation by the International Criminal Court<\/a> (ICC) into the attacks on civilian populations and other \u201cgross violations of human rights\u201d, according to a statement released through the UN rights office (OHCHR<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts pointed to the forced evictions of Palestinian families living in Sheikh Jarrah and Silwan, in Occupied East Jerusalem, as the spark that set off a full-blown war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They said that at least 222 people, including 63 children, were killed in Gaza and 12 people died in Israel as a result of the fighting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More than 450 buildings in the Gaza Strip were completely destroyed or damaged by missiles, the statement continued. Among them were six hospitals, nine healthcare centres and a water desalination plant, supplying around 250,000 Palestinians with clean drinking water, as well as a tower which housed media outlets including the Al Jazeera network, and Associated Press (AP). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Asymmetry of power\u2019<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOwing to the vast asymmetry of power, the victims of this conflict are disproportionately Palestinians in Gaza, of whom over 74,000 have been forcibly displaced and made homeless, mostly women and children\u201d, the experts said. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe conflict has led to a new wave of unprecedented mass destruction of civilian homes and infrastructure, including electrical grids in Gaza, and indiscriminate or deliberate missile attacks on civilians and residential areas in Israel and Gaza, that violate not only international human rights standards, but amount as well to crimes under international law for which there is individual and State responsibility\u201d, the experts continued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts said that all \u201cindiscriminate or deliberate bombardment of civilians and towers housing civilians, media organizations and refugee camps in Gaza and Israel are war crimes that are, prima facie, not justified by the requirements of proportionality and necessity under international law. All parties who engage in such attacks must bear individual and State responsibility as appropriate.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Independent Special Rapporteurs, are appointed by the UN Human Rights Council<\/a> to monitor specific countries or thematic issues.\u202f They serve in their individual capacity and are not UN staff, nor are they paid by the Organization.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ceasefire can\u2019t hide scale of destruction in Gaza, UN warns, as rights experts call for ICC probe","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ceasefire-cant-hide-scale-of-destruction-in-gaza-un-warns-as-rights-experts-call-for-icc-probe","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5276","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5264,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wie selbst die mauretanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IBI World Frankreich \u2013 9. Mai 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endloser Sand. Wie in einem Albtraum. Eine Landschaft, in der kein Punkt unterschieden werden kann, um es mit Gedanken zu erfassen, keine richtige Richtung gibt. Es hei\u00dft Mauretanien und ist eines der \u00e4rmsten L\u00e4nder der Welt (157.), da hier fast zwei Drittel der Menschen von weniger als 5 US-Dollar pro Tag leben und noch nicht lesen und schreiben k\u00f6nnen[1]<\/a>. Man k\u00f6nnte denken, dass es eine Nation ist, die niemanden interessiert, deren Au\u00dfenpolitik sich darauf beschr\u00e4nkt, um Hilfe von reicheren L\u00e4ndern zu bitten und Konflikte zu vermeiden, die sowohl sozial als auch wirtschaftlich nicht \u00fcberlebbar w\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

\"We, as a movement and movement's leadership, with all our people and the good people of this nation and the world, will rebuild Gaza,\" he added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Broken
Broken mannequins lie on the floor outside a shop damaged by an Israeli air strike in Gaza City<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"The
Gaza City's al-Jalaa tower in ruins after an Israeli air strike<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"An
An Israeli man walks through his home in Sderot after it was hit by a rocket fired from Gaza<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"An
An oil storage facility in southern Israel burns after it was hit by rocket fire from Gaza<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Presidents and prime ministers worldwide have welcomed the ceasefire, brokered by Egypt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While some laid blame on one side or the other, leaders overwhelmingly called for a lasting political solution to the conflict.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Gaza-Israel conflict in pictures: 11 days of destruction","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"gaza-israel-conflict-in-pictures-11-days-of-destruction","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5300","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5288,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 21:24:32","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 21:24:32","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 21 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2021\/05\/21\/999302436\/the-bombing-has-stopped-but-pain-and-destruction-remain-in-gaza-city?t=1621804721967<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

After 11 days of fighting between Israel and Hamas, a cease-fire went into effect at 2 a.m. local time Friday. Gaza health officials say at least 240 people were killed there by waves of airstrikes from Israel. Twelve people died in Israel from more than 4,000 rockets fired by militants in Gaza, according to Israeli officials.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Friday was the first day that foreign journalists were allowed to enter the Gaza Strip since the fighting began.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In Gaza City, fully intact buildings stood right next to where others had been flattened. One building looked like a layer cake, with one story stacked on top of the other.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Families walked together in the streets, dressed-up in fancy clothes \u2014 holiday clothes for Eid, the Muslim festival that marks the end of Ramadan and started last week. Due to the war, people had not been able to visit friends and relatives during the holiday, so they celebrated it today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"We're finally leaving our houses. We're going out in the streets to celebrate this holiday, to visit our relatives. And we are seeing with our own eyes the pain and the destruction,\" said Tahani,a 30-year-old who was walking with her husband and three daughters. All wore matching pink outfits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Palestinians assess the damage in their home, hit by Israeli bombardment, in Gaza City on Friday after a cease-fire between Israel and Hamas.Mohammed Abed\/AFP via Getty Images<\/em><\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Al Wahida Street, Israeli airstrikes killed more than 40 people, according to Gaza health officials. A few buildings on the street collapsed, burying families alive. Israel says it was attacking a militant tunnel deep underground and that the buildings' foundations collapsed.Article continues after sponsor message<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The street is now a wall of rubble where apartments stood. A sofa lay crushed under a large piece of cement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who won this battle? Gazans say that they did.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a video-game shop, a young gamer named Hossam Ashour said that Hamas and Palestinians were defending Jerusalem, its Al-Aqsa Mosque and a neighborhood where Israel was set to evict Palestinians. Still, he said, Gazans don't deserve all this death and destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ashraf and four daughters dressed up for Eid holiday, celebrated a week late, in Gaza.Daniel Estrin\/NPR<\/em><\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

That destruction means a need for major rebuilding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hundreds of homes and businesses were damaged or destroyed. For now, Gazans are marking the rubble with signs that carry the name and phone number of the owner, so that they can be contacted when aid arrives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And there is the present danger of unexploded bombs. Also on Al Wahida Street, workers were removing two large unexploded missiles, under the watch of militants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fighting has stopped for now, but dangerous clearance work lies ahead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NPR's Daniel Estrin reported from Gaza City. NPR's Laurel Wamsley reported from Washington, D.C.<\/em><\/p>\n","post_title":"The Bombing Has Stopped, But Pain And Destruction Remain In Gaza City","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"the-bombing-has-stopped-but-pain-and-destruction-remain-in-gaza-city","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5288","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5276,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 21 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/news.un.org\/en\/story\/2021\/05\/1092482<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Speaking from Gaza, Matthias Schmale from the UN relief agency for Palestinians UNRWA, said that there was no \u201cgoing back to normal\u201d in the enclave, after more than 10 days of rocket fire and airstrike exchanges between the warring parties that have killed more than 250 people and injured thousands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cGoing back to normal life means having to watch very carefully where we are going; unexploded devices, we know that at least one school, one of our 278 schools, where we have established two deeply buried bombs, and we have alerted the Israeli authorities\u201d, he said. \u201cObviously we cannot just rush back into our buildings and schools, we have to make sure they\u2019re safe.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The senior UNRWA official also noted that the Kerem Shalom crossing was due to open for several hours on Friday but that for the duration of the clashes, it had not been possible to get people out for medical treatment, or aid reinforcements in.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mr. Schmale noted that UNRWA staff who are mainly residents of the region said that the violence had been \u201cworse in intensity and terror than 2014\u201d, before echoing the UN Secretary-General\u2019s call<\/a> for a meaningful political process to resolve the grievances of both Palestinians and Israelis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

War still looms<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNormality here also means 50 per cent employed and rising...I\u2019m convinced after being here two and a half years that we will be back in war unless underlying causes are not addressed; and from a Gaza perspective that means giving people and especially young people a dignified perspective of a dignified life\u201d, he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf you have your own money and take home your own money to buy food instead of depending on handouts from the UN\u201d, the top UN official added, \u201cyou\u2019re less likely to run into groupings like Hamas\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The UN Emergency Relief Coordinator, Mark Lowcock, allocated $4.5 million towards the cost of meeting rising needs across Gaza on Friday. The money comes from the Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF<\/a>), which is in addition to some $18 million allocated from the Occupied Palestinian Territory Humanitarian Fund, making for a total of $22.5 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is expected that an inter-agency Flash Appeal for the occupied Palestinian territory will be issued next week. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

UNICEF delivers aid containers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The UN Children\u2019s Fund, UNICEF<\/a>, delivered 18 containers of aid on Friday following the resumption of relative calm in the Gaza Strip, through the Kerem Shalom crossing, to support children and families in need.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Among the items delivered were first-aid kits, blood supply bags and solution, fire extinguishers, antibiotics and other infection-control kits, together with 10,000 doses of the Sinopharm\u00a0COVID-19<\/a>\u00a0vaccine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe are extremely thankful that a ceasefire agreement in the Gaza strip came into effect at 2am this morning, because the human toll there has been huge\u201d, said Lucia Elmi<\/a>, UNICEF Special Representative in Palestine. \u201cThis will allow families to have much-needed respite and allow for the delivery of much-needed humanitarian assistance and personnel to the Gaza Strip\u201d, she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

UN rights experts call for ICC probe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

UN independent human rights experts on Friday called on all parties<\/a> to the conflict in Gaza and Israel to respect the ceasefire, and urged an investigation by the International Criminal Court<\/a> (ICC) into the attacks on civilian populations and other \u201cgross violations of human rights\u201d, according to a statement released through the UN rights office (OHCHR<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts pointed to the forced evictions of Palestinian families living in Sheikh Jarrah and Silwan, in Occupied East Jerusalem, as the spark that set off a full-blown war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They said that at least 222 people, including 63 children, were killed in Gaza and 12 people died in Israel as a result of the fighting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More than 450 buildings in the Gaza Strip were completely destroyed or damaged by missiles, the statement continued. Among them were six hospitals, nine healthcare centres and a water desalination plant, supplying around 250,000 Palestinians with clean drinking water, as well as a tower which housed media outlets including the Al Jazeera network, and Associated Press (AP). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Asymmetry of power\u2019<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOwing to the vast asymmetry of power, the victims of this conflict are disproportionately Palestinians in Gaza, of whom over 74,000 have been forcibly displaced and made homeless, mostly women and children\u201d, the experts said. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe conflict has led to a new wave of unprecedented mass destruction of civilian homes and infrastructure, including electrical grids in Gaza, and indiscriminate or deliberate missile attacks on civilians and residential areas in Israel and Gaza, that violate not only international human rights standards, but amount as well to crimes under international law for which there is individual and State responsibility\u201d, the experts continued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts said that all \u201cindiscriminate or deliberate bombardment of civilians and towers housing civilians, media organizations and refugee camps in Gaza and Israel are war crimes that are, prima facie, not justified by the requirements of proportionality and necessity under international law. All parties who engage in such attacks must bear individual and State responsibility as appropriate.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Independent Special Rapporteurs, are appointed by the UN Human Rights Council<\/a> to monitor specific countries or thematic issues.\u202f They serve in their individual capacity and are not UN staff, nor are they paid by the Organization.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ceasefire can\u2019t hide scale of destruction in Gaza, UN warns, as rights experts call for ICC probe","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ceasefire-cant-hide-scale-of-destruction-in-gaza-un-warns-as-rights-experts-call-for-icc-probe","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5276","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5264,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wie selbst die mauretanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IBI World Frankreich \u2013 9. Mai 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endloser Sand. Wie in einem Albtraum. Eine Landschaft, in der kein Punkt unterschieden werden kann, um es mit Gedanken zu erfassen, keine richtige Richtung gibt. Es hei\u00dft Mauretanien und ist eines der \u00e4rmsten L\u00e4nder der Welt (157.), da hier fast zwei Drittel der Menschen von weniger als 5 US-Dollar pro Tag leben und noch nicht lesen und schreiben k\u00f6nnen[1]<\/a>. Man k\u00f6nnte denken, dass es eine Nation ist, die niemanden interessiert, deren Au\u00dfenpolitik sich darauf beschr\u00e4nkt, um Hilfe von reicheren L\u00e4ndern zu bitten und Konflikte zu vermeiden, die sowohl sozial als auch wirtschaftlich nicht \u00fcberlebbar w\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

Top Hamas political leader Ismail Haniya, meanwhile, said the recent fighting \"defeated the illusions of negotiations\", describing resistance as the \"best strategic choice for liberation\".<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"We, as a movement and movement's leadership, with all our people and the good people of this nation and the world, will rebuild Gaza,\" he added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Broken
Broken mannequins lie on the floor outside a shop damaged by an Israeli air strike in Gaza City<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"The
Gaza City's al-Jalaa tower in ruins after an Israeli air strike<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"An
An Israeli man walks through his home in Sderot after it was hit by a rocket fired from Gaza<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"An
An oil storage facility in southern Israel burns after it was hit by rocket fire from Gaza<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Presidents and prime ministers worldwide have welcomed the ceasefire, brokered by Egypt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While some laid blame on one side or the other, leaders overwhelmingly called for a lasting political solution to the conflict.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Gaza-Israel conflict in pictures: 11 days of destruction","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"gaza-israel-conflict-in-pictures-11-days-of-destruction","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5300","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5288,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 21:24:32","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 21:24:32","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 21 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2021\/05\/21\/999302436\/the-bombing-has-stopped-but-pain-and-destruction-remain-in-gaza-city?t=1621804721967<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

After 11 days of fighting between Israel and Hamas, a cease-fire went into effect at 2 a.m. local time Friday. Gaza health officials say at least 240 people were killed there by waves of airstrikes from Israel. Twelve people died in Israel from more than 4,000 rockets fired by militants in Gaza, according to Israeli officials.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Friday was the first day that foreign journalists were allowed to enter the Gaza Strip since the fighting began.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In Gaza City, fully intact buildings stood right next to where others had been flattened. One building looked like a layer cake, with one story stacked on top of the other.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Families walked together in the streets, dressed-up in fancy clothes \u2014 holiday clothes for Eid, the Muslim festival that marks the end of Ramadan and started last week. Due to the war, people had not been able to visit friends and relatives during the holiday, so they celebrated it today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"We're finally leaving our houses. We're going out in the streets to celebrate this holiday, to visit our relatives. And we are seeing with our own eyes the pain and the destruction,\" said Tahani,a 30-year-old who was walking with her husband and three daughters. All wore matching pink outfits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Palestinians assess the damage in their home, hit by Israeli bombardment, in Gaza City on Friday after a cease-fire between Israel and Hamas.Mohammed Abed\/AFP via Getty Images<\/em><\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Al Wahida Street, Israeli airstrikes killed more than 40 people, according to Gaza health officials. A few buildings on the street collapsed, burying families alive. Israel says it was attacking a militant tunnel deep underground and that the buildings' foundations collapsed.Article continues after sponsor message<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The street is now a wall of rubble where apartments stood. A sofa lay crushed under a large piece of cement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who won this battle? Gazans say that they did.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a video-game shop, a young gamer named Hossam Ashour said that Hamas and Palestinians were defending Jerusalem, its Al-Aqsa Mosque and a neighborhood where Israel was set to evict Palestinians. Still, he said, Gazans don't deserve all this death and destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ashraf and four daughters dressed up for Eid holiday, celebrated a week late, in Gaza.Daniel Estrin\/NPR<\/em><\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

That destruction means a need for major rebuilding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hundreds of homes and businesses were damaged or destroyed. For now, Gazans are marking the rubble with signs that carry the name and phone number of the owner, so that they can be contacted when aid arrives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And there is the present danger of unexploded bombs. Also on Al Wahida Street, workers were removing two large unexploded missiles, under the watch of militants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fighting has stopped for now, but dangerous clearance work lies ahead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NPR's Daniel Estrin reported from Gaza City. NPR's Laurel Wamsley reported from Washington, D.C.<\/em><\/p>\n","post_title":"The Bombing Has Stopped, But Pain And Destruction Remain In Gaza City","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"the-bombing-has-stopped-but-pain-and-destruction-remain-in-gaza-city","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5288","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5276,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 21 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/news.un.org\/en\/story\/2021\/05\/1092482<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Speaking from Gaza, Matthias Schmale from the UN relief agency for Palestinians UNRWA, said that there was no \u201cgoing back to normal\u201d in the enclave, after more than 10 days of rocket fire and airstrike exchanges between the warring parties that have killed more than 250 people and injured thousands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cGoing back to normal life means having to watch very carefully where we are going; unexploded devices, we know that at least one school, one of our 278 schools, where we have established two deeply buried bombs, and we have alerted the Israeli authorities\u201d, he said. \u201cObviously we cannot just rush back into our buildings and schools, we have to make sure they\u2019re safe.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The senior UNRWA official also noted that the Kerem Shalom crossing was due to open for several hours on Friday but that for the duration of the clashes, it had not been possible to get people out for medical treatment, or aid reinforcements in.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mr. Schmale noted that UNRWA staff who are mainly residents of the region said that the violence had been \u201cworse in intensity and terror than 2014\u201d, before echoing the UN Secretary-General\u2019s call<\/a> for a meaningful political process to resolve the grievances of both Palestinians and Israelis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

War still looms<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNormality here also means 50 per cent employed and rising...I\u2019m convinced after being here two and a half years that we will be back in war unless underlying causes are not addressed; and from a Gaza perspective that means giving people and especially young people a dignified perspective of a dignified life\u201d, he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf you have your own money and take home your own money to buy food instead of depending on handouts from the UN\u201d, the top UN official added, \u201cyou\u2019re less likely to run into groupings like Hamas\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The UN Emergency Relief Coordinator, Mark Lowcock, allocated $4.5 million towards the cost of meeting rising needs across Gaza on Friday. The money comes from the Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF<\/a>), which is in addition to some $18 million allocated from the Occupied Palestinian Territory Humanitarian Fund, making for a total of $22.5 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is expected that an inter-agency Flash Appeal for the occupied Palestinian territory will be issued next week. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

UNICEF delivers aid containers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The UN Children\u2019s Fund, UNICEF<\/a>, delivered 18 containers of aid on Friday following the resumption of relative calm in the Gaza Strip, through the Kerem Shalom crossing, to support children and families in need.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Among the items delivered were first-aid kits, blood supply bags and solution, fire extinguishers, antibiotics and other infection-control kits, together with 10,000 doses of the Sinopharm\u00a0COVID-19<\/a>\u00a0vaccine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe are extremely thankful that a ceasefire agreement in the Gaza strip came into effect at 2am this morning, because the human toll there has been huge\u201d, said Lucia Elmi<\/a>, UNICEF Special Representative in Palestine. \u201cThis will allow families to have much-needed respite and allow for the delivery of much-needed humanitarian assistance and personnel to the Gaza Strip\u201d, she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

UN rights experts call for ICC probe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

UN independent human rights experts on Friday called on all parties<\/a> to the conflict in Gaza and Israel to respect the ceasefire, and urged an investigation by the International Criminal Court<\/a> (ICC) into the attacks on civilian populations and other \u201cgross violations of human rights\u201d, according to a statement released through the UN rights office (OHCHR<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts pointed to the forced evictions of Palestinian families living in Sheikh Jarrah and Silwan, in Occupied East Jerusalem, as the spark that set off a full-blown war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They said that at least 222 people, including 63 children, were killed in Gaza and 12 people died in Israel as a result of the fighting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More than 450 buildings in the Gaza Strip were completely destroyed or damaged by missiles, the statement continued. Among them were six hospitals, nine healthcare centres and a water desalination plant, supplying around 250,000 Palestinians with clean drinking water, as well as a tower which housed media outlets including the Al Jazeera network, and Associated Press (AP). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Asymmetry of power\u2019<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOwing to the vast asymmetry of power, the victims of this conflict are disproportionately Palestinians in Gaza, of whom over 74,000 have been forcibly displaced and made homeless, mostly women and children\u201d, the experts said. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe conflict has led to a new wave of unprecedented mass destruction of civilian homes and infrastructure, including electrical grids in Gaza, and indiscriminate or deliberate missile attacks on civilians and residential areas in Israel and Gaza, that violate not only international human rights standards, but amount as well to crimes under international law for which there is individual and State responsibility\u201d, the experts continued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts said that all \u201cindiscriminate or deliberate bombardment of civilians and towers housing civilians, media organizations and refugee camps in Gaza and Israel are war crimes that are, prima facie, not justified by the requirements of proportionality and necessity under international law. All parties who engage in such attacks must bear individual and State responsibility as appropriate.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Independent Special Rapporteurs, are appointed by the UN Human Rights Council<\/a> to monitor specific countries or thematic issues.\u202f They serve in their individual capacity and are not UN staff, nor are they paid by the Organization.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ceasefire can\u2019t hide scale of destruction in Gaza, UN warns, as rights experts call for ICC probe","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ceasefire-cant-hide-scale-of-destruction-in-gaza-un-warns-as-rights-experts-call-for-icc-probe","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5276","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5264,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wie selbst die mauretanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IBI World Frankreich \u2013 9. Mai 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endloser Sand. Wie in einem Albtraum. Eine Landschaft, in der kein Punkt unterschieden werden kann, um es mit Gedanken zu erfassen, keine richtige Richtung gibt. Es hei\u00dft Mauretanien und ist eines der \u00e4rmsten L\u00e4nder der Welt (157.), da hier fast zwei Drittel der Menschen von weniger als 5 US-Dollar pro Tag leben und noch nicht lesen und schreiben k\u00f6nnen[1]<\/a>. Man k\u00f6nnte denken, dass es eine Nation ist, die niemanden interessiert, deren Au\u00dfenpolitik sich darauf beschr\u00e4nkt, um Hilfe von reicheren L\u00e4ndern zu bitten und Konflikte zu vermeiden, die sowohl sozial als auch wirtschaftlich nicht \u00fcberlebbar w\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

\"Not everything is known to the public yet, nor to Hamas, but the full range of achievements will be revealed over time,\" he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Top Hamas political leader Ismail Haniya, meanwhile, said the recent fighting \"defeated the illusions of negotiations\", describing resistance as the \"best strategic choice for liberation\".<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"We, as a movement and movement's leadership, with all our people and the good people of this nation and the world, will rebuild Gaza,\" he added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Broken
Broken mannequins lie on the floor outside a shop damaged by an Israeli air strike in Gaza City<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"The
Gaza City's al-Jalaa tower in ruins after an Israeli air strike<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"An
An Israeli man walks through his home in Sderot after it was hit by a rocket fired from Gaza<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"An
An oil storage facility in southern Israel burns after it was hit by rocket fire from Gaza<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Presidents and prime ministers worldwide have welcomed the ceasefire, brokered by Egypt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While some laid blame on one side or the other, leaders overwhelmingly called for a lasting political solution to the conflict.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Gaza-Israel conflict in pictures: 11 days of destruction","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"gaza-israel-conflict-in-pictures-11-days-of-destruction","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5300","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5288,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 21:24:32","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 21:24:32","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 21 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2021\/05\/21\/999302436\/the-bombing-has-stopped-but-pain-and-destruction-remain-in-gaza-city?t=1621804721967<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

After 11 days of fighting between Israel and Hamas, a cease-fire went into effect at 2 a.m. local time Friday. Gaza health officials say at least 240 people were killed there by waves of airstrikes from Israel. Twelve people died in Israel from more than 4,000 rockets fired by militants in Gaza, according to Israeli officials.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Friday was the first day that foreign journalists were allowed to enter the Gaza Strip since the fighting began.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In Gaza City, fully intact buildings stood right next to where others had been flattened. One building looked like a layer cake, with one story stacked on top of the other.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Families walked together in the streets, dressed-up in fancy clothes \u2014 holiday clothes for Eid, the Muslim festival that marks the end of Ramadan and started last week. Due to the war, people had not been able to visit friends and relatives during the holiday, so they celebrated it today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"We're finally leaving our houses. We're going out in the streets to celebrate this holiday, to visit our relatives. And we are seeing with our own eyes the pain and the destruction,\" said Tahani,a 30-year-old who was walking with her husband and three daughters. All wore matching pink outfits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Palestinians assess the damage in their home, hit by Israeli bombardment, in Gaza City on Friday after a cease-fire between Israel and Hamas.Mohammed Abed\/AFP via Getty Images<\/em><\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Al Wahida Street, Israeli airstrikes killed more than 40 people, according to Gaza health officials. A few buildings on the street collapsed, burying families alive. Israel says it was attacking a militant tunnel deep underground and that the buildings' foundations collapsed.Article continues after sponsor message<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The street is now a wall of rubble where apartments stood. A sofa lay crushed under a large piece of cement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who won this battle? Gazans say that they did.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a video-game shop, a young gamer named Hossam Ashour said that Hamas and Palestinians were defending Jerusalem, its Al-Aqsa Mosque and a neighborhood where Israel was set to evict Palestinians. Still, he said, Gazans don't deserve all this death and destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ashraf and four daughters dressed up for Eid holiday, celebrated a week late, in Gaza.Daniel Estrin\/NPR<\/em><\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

That destruction means a need for major rebuilding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hundreds of homes and businesses were damaged or destroyed. For now, Gazans are marking the rubble with signs that carry the name and phone number of the owner, so that they can be contacted when aid arrives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And there is the present danger of unexploded bombs. Also on Al Wahida Street, workers were removing two large unexploded missiles, under the watch of militants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fighting has stopped for now, but dangerous clearance work lies ahead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NPR's Daniel Estrin reported from Gaza City. NPR's Laurel Wamsley reported from Washington, D.C.<\/em><\/p>\n","post_title":"The Bombing Has Stopped, But Pain And Destruction Remain In Gaza City","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"the-bombing-has-stopped-but-pain-and-destruction-remain-in-gaza-city","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5288","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5276,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 21 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/news.un.org\/en\/story\/2021\/05\/1092482<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Speaking from Gaza, Matthias Schmale from the UN relief agency for Palestinians UNRWA, said that there was no \u201cgoing back to normal\u201d in the enclave, after more than 10 days of rocket fire and airstrike exchanges between the warring parties that have killed more than 250 people and injured thousands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cGoing back to normal life means having to watch very carefully where we are going; unexploded devices, we know that at least one school, one of our 278 schools, where we have established two deeply buried bombs, and we have alerted the Israeli authorities\u201d, he said. \u201cObviously we cannot just rush back into our buildings and schools, we have to make sure they\u2019re safe.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The senior UNRWA official also noted that the Kerem Shalom crossing was due to open for several hours on Friday but that for the duration of the clashes, it had not been possible to get people out for medical treatment, or aid reinforcements in.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mr. Schmale noted that UNRWA staff who are mainly residents of the region said that the violence had been \u201cworse in intensity and terror than 2014\u201d, before echoing the UN Secretary-General\u2019s call<\/a> for a meaningful political process to resolve the grievances of both Palestinians and Israelis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

War still looms<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNormality here also means 50 per cent employed and rising...I\u2019m convinced after being here two and a half years that we will be back in war unless underlying causes are not addressed; and from a Gaza perspective that means giving people and especially young people a dignified perspective of a dignified life\u201d, he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf you have your own money and take home your own money to buy food instead of depending on handouts from the UN\u201d, the top UN official added, \u201cyou\u2019re less likely to run into groupings like Hamas\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The UN Emergency Relief Coordinator, Mark Lowcock, allocated $4.5 million towards the cost of meeting rising needs across Gaza on Friday. The money comes from the Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF<\/a>), which is in addition to some $18 million allocated from the Occupied Palestinian Territory Humanitarian Fund, making for a total of $22.5 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is expected that an inter-agency Flash Appeal for the occupied Palestinian territory will be issued next week. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

UNICEF delivers aid containers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The UN Children\u2019s Fund, UNICEF<\/a>, delivered 18 containers of aid on Friday following the resumption of relative calm in the Gaza Strip, through the Kerem Shalom crossing, to support children and families in need.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Among the items delivered were first-aid kits, blood supply bags and solution, fire extinguishers, antibiotics and other infection-control kits, together with 10,000 doses of the Sinopharm\u00a0COVID-19<\/a>\u00a0vaccine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe are extremely thankful that a ceasefire agreement in the Gaza strip came into effect at 2am this morning, because the human toll there has been huge\u201d, said Lucia Elmi<\/a>, UNICEF Special Representative in Palestine. \u201cThis will allow families to have much-needed respite and allow for the delivery of much-needed humanitarian assistance and personnel to the Gaza Strip\u201d, she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

UN rights experts call for ICC probe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

UN independent human rights experts on Friday called on all parties<\/a> to the conflict in Gaza and Israel to respect the ceasefire, and urged an investigation by the International Criminal Court<\/a> (ICC) into the attacks on civilian populations and other \u201cgross violations of human rights\u201d, according to a statement released through the UN rights office (OHCHR<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts pointed to the forced evictions of Palestinian families living in Sheikh Jarrah and Silwan, in Occupied East Jerusalem, as the spark that set off a full-blown war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They said that at least 222 people, including 63 children, were killed in Gaza and 12 people died in Israel as a result of the fighting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More than 450 buildings in the Gaza Strip were completely destroyed or damaged by missiles, the statement continued. Among them were six hospitals, nine healthcare centres and a water desalination plant, supplying around 250,000 Palestinians with clean drinking water, as well as a tower which housed media outlets including the Al Jazeera network, and Associated Press (AP). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Asymmetry of power\u2019<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOwing to the vast asymmetry of power, the victims of this conflict are disproportionately Palestinians in Gaza, of whom over 74,000 have been forcibly displaced and made homeless, mostly women and children\u201d, the experts said. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe conflict has led to a new wave of unprecedented mass destruction of civilian homes and infrastructure, including electrical grids in Gaza, and indiscriminate or deliberate missile attacks on civilians and residential areas in Israel and Gaza, that violate not only international human rights standards, but amount as well to crimes under international law for which there is individual and State responsibility\u201d, the experts continued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts said that all \u201cindiscriminate or deliberate bombardment of civilians and towers housing civilians, media organizations and refugee camps in Gaza and Israel are war crimes that are, prima facie, not justified by the requirements of proportionality and necessity under international law. All parties who engage in such attacks must bear individual and State responsibility as appropriate.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Independent Special Rapporteurs, are appointed by the UN Human Rights Council<\/a> to monitor specific countries or thematic issues.\u202f They serve in their individual capacity and are not UN staff, nor are they paid by the Organization.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ceasefire can\u2019t hide scale of destruction in Gaza, UN warns, as rights experts call for ICC probe","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ceasefire-cant-hide-scale-of-destruction-in-gaza-un-warns-as-rights-experts-call-for-icc-probe","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5276","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5264,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wie selbst die mauretanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IBI World Frankreich \u2013 9. Mai 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endloser Sand. Wie in einem Albtraum. Eine Landschaft, in der kein Punkt unterschieden werden kann, um es mit Gedanken zu erfassen, keine richtige Richtung gibt. Es hei\u00dft Mauretanien und ist eines der \u00e4rmsten L\u00e4nder der Welt (157.), da hier fast zwei Drittel der Menschen von weniger als 5 US-Dollar pro Tag leben und noch nicht lesen und schreiben k\u00f6nnen[1]<\/a>. Man k\u00f6nnte denken, dass es eine Nation ist, die niemanden interessiert, deren Au\u00dfenpolitik sich darauf beschr\u00e4nkt, um Hilfe von reicheren L\u00e4ndern zu bitten und Konflikte zu vermeiden, die sowohl sozial als auch wirtschaftlich nicht \u00fcberlebbar w\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

At a news conference on Friday Mr Netanyahu said that his country had \"exacted a heavy price from Hamas\".<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Not everything is known to the public yet, nor to Hamas, but the full range of achievements will be revealed over time,\" he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Top Hamas political leader Ismail Haniya, meanwhile, said the recent fighting \"defeated the illusions of negotiations\", describing resistance as the \"best strategic choice for liberation\".<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"We, as a movement and movement's leadership, with all our people and the good people of this nation and the world, will rebuild Gaza,\" he added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Broken
Broken mannequins lie on the floor outside a shop damaged by an Israeli air strike in Gaza City<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"The
Gaza City's al-Jalaa tower in ruins after an Israeli air strike<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"An
An Israeli man walks through his home in Sderot after it was hit by a rocket fired from Gaza<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"An
An oil storage facility in southern Israel burns after it was hit by rocket fire from Gaza<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Presidents and prime ministers worldwide have welcomed the ceasefire, brokered by Egypt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While some laid blame on one side or the other, leaders overwhelmingly called for a lasting political solution to the conflict.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Gaza-Israel conflict in pictures: 11 days of destruction","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"gaza-israel-conflict-in-pictures-11-days-of-destruction","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5300","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5288,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 21:24:32","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 21:24:32","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 21 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2021\/05\/21\/999302436\/the-bombing-has-stopped-but-pain-and-destruction-remain-in-gaza-city?t=1621804721967<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

After 11 days of fighting between Israel and Hamas, a cease-fire went into effect at 2 a.m. local time Friday. Gaza health officials say at least 240 people were killed there by waves of airstrikes from Israel. Twelve people died in Israel from more than 4,000 rockets fired by militants in Gaza, according to Israeli officials.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Friday was the first day that foreign journalists were allowed to enter the Gaza Strip since the fighting began.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In Gaza City, fully intact buildings stood right next to where others had been flattened. One building looked like a layer cake, with one story stacked on top of the other.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Families walked together in the streets, dressed-up in fancy clothes \u2014 holiday clothes for Eid, the Muslim festival that marks the end of Ramadan and started last week. Due to the war, people had not been able to visit friends and relatives during the holiday, so they celebrated it today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"We're finally leaving our houses. We're going out in the streets to celebrate this holiday, to visit our relatives. And we are seeing with our own eyes the pain and the destruction,\" said Tahani,a 30-year-old who was walking with her husband and three daughters. All wore matching pink outfits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Palestinians assess the damage in their home, hit by Israeli bombardment, in Gaza City on Friday after a cease-fire between Israel and Hamas.Mohammed Abed\/AFP via Getty Images<\/em><\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Al Wahida Street, Israeli airstrikes killed more than 40 people, according to Gaza health officials. A few buildings on the street collapsed, burying families alive. Israel says it was attacking a militant tunnel deep underground and that the buildings' foundations collapsed.Article continues after sponsor message<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The street is now a wall of rubble where apartments stood. A sofa lay crushed under a large piece of cement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who won this battle? Gazans say that they did.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a video-game shop, a young gamer named Hossam Ashour said that Hamas and Palestinians were defending Jerusalem, its Al-Aqsa Mosque and a neighborhood where Israel was set to evict Palestinians. Still, he said, Gazans don't deserve all this death and destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ashraf and four daughters dressed up for Eid holiday, celebrated a week late, in Gaza.Daniel Estrin\/NPR<\/em><\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

That destruction means a need for major rebuilding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hundreds of homes and businesses were damaged or destroyed. For now, Gazans are marking the rubble with signs that carry the name and phone number of the owner, so that they can be contacted when aid arrives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And there is the present danger of unexploded bombs. Also on Al Wahida Street, workers were removing two large unexploded missiles, under the watch of militants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fighting has stopped for now, but dangerous clearance work lies ahead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NPR's Daniel Estrin reported from Gaza City. NPR's Laurel Wamsley reported from Washington, D.C.<\/em><\/p>\n","post_title":"The Bombing Has Stopped, But Pain And Destruction Remain In Gaza City","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"the-bombing-has-stopped-but-pain-and-destruction-remain-in-gaza-city","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5288","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5276,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 21 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/news.un.org\/en\/story\/2021\/05\/1092482<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Speaking from Gaza, Matthias Schmale from the UN relief agency for Palestinians UNRWA, said that there was no \u201cgoing back to normal\u201d in the enclave, after more than 10 days of rocket fire and airstrike exchanges between the warring parties that have killed more than 250 people and injured thousands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cGoing back to normal life means having to watch very carefully where we are going; unexploded devices, we know that at least one school, one of our 278 schools, where we have established two deeply buried bombs, and we have alerted the Israeli authorities\u201d, he said. \u201cObviously we cannot just rush back into our buildings and schools, we have to make sure they\u2019re safe.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The senior UNRWA official also noted that the Kerem Shalom crossing was due to open for several hours on Friday but that for the duration of the clashes, it had not been possible to get people out for medical treatment, or aid reinforcements in.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mr. Schmale noted that UNRWA staff who are mainly residents of the region said that the violence had been \u201cworse in intensity and terror than 2014\u201d, before echoing the UN Secretary-General\u2019s call<\/a> for a meaningful political process to resolve the grievances of both Palestinians and Israelis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

War still looms<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNormality here also means 50 per cent employed and rising...I\u2019m convinced after being here two and a half years that we will be back in war unless underlying causes are not addressed; and from a Gaza perspective that means giving people and especially young people a dignified perspective of a dignified life\u201d, he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf you have your own money and take home your own money to buy food instead of depending on handouts from the UN\u201d, the top UN official added, \u201cyou\u2019re less likely to run into groupings like Hamas\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The UN Emergency Relief Coordinator, Mark Lowcock, allocated $4.5 million towards the cost of meeting rising needs across Gaza on Friday. The money comes from the Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF<\/a>), which is in addition to some $18 million allocated from the Occupied Palestinian Territory Humanitarian Fund, making for a total of $22.5 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is expected that an inter-agency Flash Appeal for the occupied Palestinian territory will be issued next week. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

UNICEF delivers aid containers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The UN Children\u2019s Fund, UNICEF<\/a>, delivered 18 containers of aid on Friday following the resumption of relative calm in the Gaza Strip, through the Kerem Shalom crossing, to support children and families in need.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Among the items delivered were first-aid kits, blood supply bags and solution, fire extinguishers, antibiotics and other infection-control kits, together with 10,000 doses of the Sinopharm\u00a0COVID-19<\/a>\u00a0vaccine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe are extremely thankful that a ceasefire agreement in the Gaza strip came into effect at 2am this morning, because the human toll there has been huge\u201d, said Lucia Elmi<\/a>, UNICEF Special Representative in Palestine. \u201cThis will allow families to have much-needed respite and allow for the delivery of much-needed humanitarian assistance and personnel to the Gaza Strip\u201d, she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

UN rights experts call for ICC probe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

UN independent human rights experts on Friday called on all parties<\/a> to the conflict in Gaza and Israel to respect the ceasefire, and urged an investigation by the International Criminal Court<\/a> (ICC) into the attacks on civilian populations and other \u201cgross violations of human rights\u201d, according to a statement released through the UN rights office (OHCHR<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts pointed to the forced evictions of Palestinian families living in Sheikh Jarrah and Silwan, in Occupied East Jerusalem, as the spark that set off a full-blown war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They said that at least 222 people, including 63 children, were killed in Gaza and 12 people died in Israel as a result of the fighting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More than 450 buildings in the Gaza Strip were completely destroyed or damaged by missiles, the statement continued. Among them were six hospitals, nine healthcare centres and a water desalination plant, supplying around 250,000 Palestinians with clean drinking water, as well as a tower which housed media outlets including the Al Jazeera network, and Associated Press (AP). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Asymmetry of power\u2019<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOwing to the vast asymmetry of power, the victims of this conflict are disproportionately Palestinians in Gaza, of whom over 74,000 have been forcibly displaced and made homeless, mostly women and children\u201d, the experts said. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe conflict has led to a new wave of unprecedented mass destruction of civilian homes and infrastructure, including electrical grids in Gaza, and indiscriminate or deliberate missile attacks on civilians and residential areas in Israel and Gaza, that violate not only international human rights standards, but amount as well to crimes under international law for which there is individual and State responsibility\u201d, the experts continued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts said that all \u201cindiscriminate or deliberate bombardment of civilians and towers housing civilians, media organizations and refugee camps in Gaza and Israel are war crimes that are, prima facie, not justified by the requirements of proportionality and necessity under international law. All parties who engage in such attacks must bear individual and State responsibility as appropriate.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Independent Special Rapporteurs, are appointed by the UN Human Rights Council<\/a> to monitor specific countries or thematic issues.\u202f They serve in their individual capacity and are not UN staff, nor are they paid by the Organization.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ceasefire can\u2019t hide scale of destruction in Gaza, UN warns, as rights experts call for ICC probe","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ceasefire-cant-hide-scale-of-destruction-in-gaza-un-warns-as-rights-experts-call-for-icc-probe","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5276","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5264,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wie selbst die mauretanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IBI World Frankreich \u2013 9. Mai 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endloser Sand. Wie in einem Albtraum. Eine Landschaft, in der kein Punkt unterschieden werden kann, um es mit Gedanken zu erfassen, keine richtige Richtung gibt. Es hei\u00dft Mauretanien und ist eines der \u00e4rmsten L\u00e4nder der Welt (157.), da hier fast zwei Drittel der Menschen von weniger als 5 US-Dollar pro Tag leben und noch nicht lesen und schreiben k\u00f6nnen[1]<\/a>. Man k\u00f6nnte denken, dass es eine Nation ist, die niemanden interessiert, deren Au\u00dfenpolitik sich darauf beschr\u00e4nkt, um Hilfe von reicheren L\u00e4ndern zu bitten und Konflikte zu vermeiden, die sowohl sozial als auch wirtschaftlich nicht \u00fcberlebbar w\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


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[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n
\"A
That same street, pictured hours after the ceasefire was declared<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

At a news conference on Friday Mr Netanyahu said that his country had \"exacted a heavy price from Hamas\".<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Not everything is known to the public yet, nor to Hamas, but the full range of achievements will be revealed over time,\" he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Top Hamas political leader Ismail Haniya, meanwhile, said the recent fighting \"defeated the illusions of negotiations\", describing resistance as the \"best strategic choice for liberation\".<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"We, as a movement and movement's leadership, with all our people and the good people of this nation and the world, will rebuild Gaza,\" he added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Broken
Broken mannequins lie on the floor outside a shop damaged by an Israeli air strike in Gaza City<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"The
Gaza City's al-Jalaa tower in ruins after an Israeli air strike<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"An
An Israeli man walks through his home in Sderot after it was hit by a rocket fired from Gaza<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"An
An oil storage facility in southern Israel burns after it was hit by rocket fire from Gaza<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Presidents and prime ministers worldwide have welcomed the ceasefire, brokered by Egypt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While some laid blame on one side or the other, leaders overwhelmingly called for a lasting political solution to the conflict.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Gaza-Israel conflict in pictures: 11 days of destruction","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"gaza-israel-conflict-in-pictures-11-days-of-destruction","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5300","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5288,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 21:24:32","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 21:24:32","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 21 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2021\/05\/21\/999302436\/the-bombing-has-stopped-but-pain-and-destruction-remain-in-gaza-city?t=1621804721967<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

After 11 days of fighting between Israel and Hamas, a cease-fire went into effect at 2 a.m. local time Friday. Gaza health officials say at least 240 people were killed there by waves of airstrikes from Israel. Twelve people died in Israel from more than 4,000 rockets fired by militants in Gaza, according to Israeli officials.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Friday was the first day that foreign journalists were allowed to enter the Gaza Strip since the fighting began.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In Gaza City, fully intact buildings stood right next to where others had been flattened. One building looked like a layer cake, with one story stacked on top of the other.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Families walked together in the streets, dressed-up in fancy clothes \u2014 holiday clothes for Eid, the Muslim festival that marks the end of Ramadan and started last week. Due to the war, people had not been able to visit friends and relatives during the holiday, so they celebrated it today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"We're finally leaving our houses. We're going out in the streets to celebrate this holiday, to visit our relatives. And we are seeing with our own eyes the pain and the destruction,\" said Tahani,a 30-year-old who was walking with her husband and three daughters. All wore matching pink outfits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Palestinians assess the damage in their home, hit by Israeli bombardment, in Gaza City on Friday after a cease-fire between Israel and Hamas.Mohammed Abed\/AFP via Getty Images<\/em><\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Al Wahida Street, Israeli airstrikes killed more than 40 people, according to Gaza health officials. A few buildings on the street collapsed, burying families alive. Israel says it was attacking a militant tunnel deep underground and that the buildings' foundations collapsed.Article continues after sponsor message<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The street is now a wall of rubble where apartments stood. A sofa lay crushed under a large piece of cement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who won this battle? Gazans say that they did.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a video-game shop, a young gamer named Hossam Ashour said that Hamas and Palestinians were defending Jerusalem, its Al-Aqsa Mosque and a neighborhood where Israel was set to evict Palestinians. Still, he said, Gazans don't deserve all this death and destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ashraf and four daughters dressed up for Eid holiday, celebrated a week late, in Gaza.Daniel Estrin\/NPR<\/em><\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

That destruction means a need for major rebuilding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hundreds of homes and businesses were damaged or destroyed. For now, Gazans are marking the rubble with signs that carry the name and phone number of the owner, so that they can be contacted when aid arrives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And there is the present danger of unexploded bombs. Also on Al Wahida Street, workers were removing two large unexploded missiles, under the watch of militants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fighting has stopped for now, but dangerous clearance work lies ahead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NPR's Daniel Estrin reported from Gaza City. NPR's Laurel Wamsley reported from Washington, D.C.<\/em><\/p>\n","post_title":"The Bombing Has Stopped, But Pain And Destruction Remain In Gaza City","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"the-bombing-has-stopped-but-pain-and-destruction-remain-in-gaza-city","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5288","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5276,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 21 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/news.un.org\/en\/story\/2021\/05\/1092482<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Speaking from Gaza, Matthias Schmale from the UN relief agency for Palestinians UNRWA, said that there was no \u201cgoing back to normal\u201d in the enclave, after more than 10 days of rocket fire and airstrike exchanges between the warring parties that have killed more than 250 people and injured thousands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cGoing back to normal life means having to watch very carefully where we are going; unexploded devices, we know that at least one school, one of our 278 schools, where we have established two deeply buried bombs, and we have alerted the Israeli authorities\u201d, he said. \u201cObviously we cannot just rush back into our buildings and schools, we have to make sure they\u2019re safe.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The senior UNRWA official also noted that the Kerem Shalom crossing was due to open for several hours on Friday but that for the duration of the clashes, it had not been possible to get people out for medical treatment, or aid reinforcements in.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mr. Schmale noted that UNRWA staff who are mainly residents of the region said that the violence had been \u201cworse in intensity and terror than 2014\u201d, before echoing the UN Secretary-General\u2019s call<\/a> for a meaningful political process to resolve the grievances of both Palestinians and Israelis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

War still looms<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNormality here also means 50 per cent employed and rising...I\u2019m convinced after being here two and a half years that we will be back in war unless underlying causes are not addressed; and from a Gaza perspective that means giving people and especially young people a dignified perspective of a dignified life\u201d, he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf you have your own money and take home your own money to buy food instead of depending on handouts from the UN\u201d, the top UN official added, \u201cyou\u2019re less likely to run into groupings like Hamas\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The UN Emergency Relief Coordinator, Mark Lowcock, allocated $4.5 million towards the cost of meeting rising needs across Gaza on Friday. The money comes from the Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF<\/a>), which is in addition to some $18 million allocated from the Occupied Palestinian Territory Humanitarian Fund, making for a total of $22.5 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is expected that an inter-agency Flash Appeal for the occupied Palestinian territory will be issued next week. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

UNICEF delivers aid containers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The UN Children\u2019s Fund, UNICEF<\/a>, delivered 18 containers of aid on Friday following the resumption of relative calm in the Gaza Strip, through the Kerem Shalom crossing, to support children and families in need.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Among the items delivered were first-aid kits, blood supply bags and solution, fire extinguishers, antibiotics and other infection-control kits, together with 10,000 doses of the Sinopharm\u00a0COVID-19<\/a>\u00a0vaccine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe are extremely thankful that a ceasefire agreement in the Gaza strip came into effect at 2am this morning, because the human toll there has been huge\u201d, said Lucia Elmi<\/a>, UNICEF Special Representative in Palestine. \u201cThis will allow families to have much-needed respite and allow for the delivery of much-needed humanitarian assistance and personnel to the Gaza Strip\u201d, she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

UN rights experts call for ICC probe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

UN independent human rights experts on Friday called on all parties<\/a> to the conflict in Gaza and Israel to respect the ceasefire, and urged an investigation by the International Criminal Court<\/a> (ICC) into the attacks on civilian populations and other \u201cgross violations of human rights\u201d, according to a statement released through the UN rights office (OHCHR<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts pointed to the forced evictions of Palestinian families living in Sheikh Jarrah and Silwan, in Occupied East Jerusalem, as the spark that set off a full-blown war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They said that at least 222 people, including 63 children, were killed in Gaza and 12 people died in Israel as a result of the fighting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More than 450 buildings in the Gaza Strip were completely destroyed or damaged by missiles, the statement continued. Among them were six hospitals, nine healthcare centres and a water desalination plant, supplying around 250,000 Palestinians with clean drinking water, as well as a tower which housed media outlets including the Al Jazeera network, and Associated Press (AP). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Asymmetry of power\u2019<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOwing to the vast asymmetry of power, the victims of this conflict are disproportionately Palestinians in Gaza, of whom over 74,000 have been forcibly displaced and made homeless, mostly women and children\u201d, the experts said. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe conflict has led to a new wave of unprecedented mass destruction of civilian homes and infrastructure, including electrical grids in Gaza, and indiscriminate or deliberate missile attacks on civilians and residential areas in Israel and Gaza, that violate not only international human rights standards, but amount as well to crimes under international law for which there is individual and State responsibility\u201d, the experts continued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts said that all \u201cindiscriminate or deliberate bombardment of civilians and towers housing civilians, media organizations and refugee camps in Gaza and Israel are war crimes that are, prima facie, not justified by the requirements of proportionality and necessity under international law. All parties who engage in such attacks must bear individual and State responsibility as appropriate.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Independent Special Rapporteurs, are appointed by the UN Human Rights Council<\/a> to monitor specific countries or thematic issues.\u202f They serve in their individual capacity and are not UN staff, nor are they paid by the Organization.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ceasefire can\u2019t hide scale of destruction in Gaza, UN warns, as rights experts call for ICC probe","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ceasefire-cant-hide-scale-of-destruction-in-gaza-un-warns-as-rights-experts-call-for-icc-probe","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5276","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5264,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wie selbst die mauretanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IBI World Frankreich \u2013 9. Mai 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endloser Sand. Wie in einem Albtraum. Eine Landschaft, in der kein Punkt unterschieden werden kann, um es mit Gedanken zu erfassen, keine richtige Richtung gibt. Es hei\u00dft Mauretanien und ist eines der \u00e4rmsten L\u00e4nder der Welt (157.), da hier fast zwei Drittel der Menschen von weniger als 5 US-Dollar pro Tag leben und noch nicht lesen und schreiben k\u00f6nnen[1]<\/a>. Man k\u00f6nnte denken, dass es eine Nation ist, die niemanden interessiert, deren Au\u00dfenpolitik sich darauf beschr\u00e4nkt, um Hilfe von reicheren L\u00e4ndern zu bitten und Konflikte zu vermeiden, die sowohl sozial als auch wirtschaftlich nicht \u00fcberlebbar w\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n
\"Palestinians
Palestinians walk down a street in Gaza City in April before the recent fighting broke out<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"A
That same street, pictured hours after the ceasefire was declared<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

At a news conference on Friday Mr Netanyahu said that his country had \"exacted a heavy price from Hamas\".<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Not everything is known to the public yet, nor to Hamas, but the full range of achievements will be revealed over time,\" he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Top Hamas political leader Ismail Haniya, meanwhile, said the recent fighting \"defeated the illusions of negotiations\", describing resistance as the \"best strategic choice for liberation\".<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"We, as a movement and movement's leadership, with all our people and the good people of this nation and the world, will rebuild Gaza,\" he added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Broken
Broken mannequins lie on the floor outside a shop damaged by an Israeli air strike in Gaza City<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"The
Gaza City's al-Jalaa tower in ruins after an Israeli air strike<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"An
An Israeli man walks through his home in Sderot after it was hit by a rocket fired from Gaza<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"An
An oil storage facility in southern Israel burns after it was hit by rocket fire from Gaza<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Presidents and prime ministers worldwide have welcomed the ceasefire, brokered by Egypt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While some laid blame on one side or the other, leaders overwhelmingly called for a lasting political solution to the conflict.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Gaza-Israel conflict in pictures: 11 days of destruction","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"gaza-israel-conflict-in-pictures-11-days-of-destruction","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5300","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5288,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 21:24:32","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 21:24:32","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 21 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2021\/05\/21\/999302436\/the-bombing-has-stopped-but-pain-and-destruction-remain-in-gaza-city?t=1621804721967<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

After 11 days of fighting between Israel and Hamas, a cease-fire went into effect at 2 a.m. local time Friday. Gaza health officials say at least 240 people were killed there by waves of airstrikes from Israel. Twelve people died in Israel from more than 4,000 rockets fired by militants in Gaza, according to Israeli officials.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Friday was the first day that foreign journalists were allowed to enter the Gaza Strip since the fighting began.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In Gaza City, fully intact buildings stood right next to where others had been flattened. One building looked like a layer cake, with one story stacked on top of the other.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Families walked together in the streets, dressed-up in fancy clothes \u2014 holiday clothes for Eid, the Muslim festival that marks the end of Ramadan and started last week. Due to the war, people had not been able to visit friends and relatives during the holiday, so they celebrated it today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"We're finally leaving our houses. We're going out in the streets to celebrate this holiday, to visit our relatives. And we are seeing with our own eyes the pain and the destruction,\" said Tahani,a 30-year-old who was walking with her husband and three daughters. All wore matching pink outfits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Palestinians assess the damage in their home, hit by Israeli bombardment, in Gaza City on Friday after a cease-fire between Israel and Hamas.Mohammed Abed\/AFP via Getty Images<\/em><\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Al Wahida Street, Israeli airstrikes killed more than 40 people, according to Gaza health officials. A few buildings on the street collapsed, burying families alive. Israel says it was attacking a militant tunnel deep underground and that the buildings' foundations collapsed.Article continues after sponsor message<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The street is now a wall of rubble where apartments stood. A sofa lay crushed under a large piece of cement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who won this battle? Gazans say that they did.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a video-game shop, a young gamer named Hossam Ashour said that Hamas and Palestinians were defending Jerusalem, its Al-Aqsa Mosque and a neighborhood where Israel was set to evict Palestinians. Still, he said, Gazans don't deserve all this death and destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ashraf and four daughters dressed up for Eid holiday, celebrated a week late, in Gaza.Daniel Estrin\/NPR<\/em><\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

That destruction means a need for major rebuilding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hundreds of homes and businesses were damaged or destroyed. For now, Gazans are marking the rubble with signs that carry the name and phone number of the owner, so that they can be contacted when aid arrives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And there is the present danger of unexploded bombs. Also on Al Wahida Street, workers were removing two large unexploded missiles, under the watch of militants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fighting has stopped for now, but dangerous clearance work lies ahead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NPR's Daniel Estrin reported from Gaza City. NPR's Laurel Wamsley reported from Washington, D.C.<\/em><\/p>\n","post_title":"The Bombing Has Stopped, But Pain And Destruction Remain In Gaza City","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"the-bombing-has-stopped-but-pain-and-destruction-remain-in-gaza-city","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5288","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5276,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 21 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/news.un.org\/en\/story\/2021\/05\/1092482<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Speaking from Gaza, Matthias Schmale from the UN relief agency for Palestinians UNRWA, said that there was no \u201cgoing back to normal\u201d in the enclave, after more than 10 days of rocket fire and airstrike exchanges between the warring parties that have killed more than 250 people and injured thousands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cGoing back to normal life means having to watch very carefully where we are going; unexploded devices, we know that at least one school, one of our 278 schools, where we have established two deeply buried bombs, and we have alerted the Israeli authorities\u201d, he said. \u201cObviously we cannot just rush back into our buildings and schools, we have to make sure they\u2019re safe.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The senior UNRWA official also noted that the Kerem Shalom crossing was due to open for several hours on Friday but that for the duration of the clashes, it had not been possible to get people out for medical treatment, or aid reinforcements in.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mr. Schmale noted that UNRWA staff who are mainly residents of the region said that the violence had been \u201cworse in intensity and terror than 2014\u201d, before echoing the UN Secretary-General\u2019s call<\/a> for a meaningful political process to resolve the grievances of both Palestinians and Israelis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

War still looms<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNormality here also means 50 per cent employed and rising...I\u2019m convinced after being here two and a half years that we will be back in war unless underlying causes are not addressed; and from a Gaza perspective that means giving people and especially young people a dignified perspective of a dignified life\u201d, he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf you have your own money and take home your own money to buy food instead of depending on handouts from the UN\u201d, the top UN official added, \u201cyou\u2019re less likely to run into groupings like Hamas\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The UN Emergency Relief Coordinator, Mark Lowcock, allocated $4.5 million towards the cost of meeting rising needs across Gaza on Friday. The money comes from the Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF<\/a>), which is in addition to some $18 million allocated from the Occupied Palestinian Territory Humanitarian Fund, making for a total of $22.5 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is expected that an inter-agency Flash Appeal for the occupied Palestinian territory will be issued next week. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

UNICEF delivers aid containers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The UN Children\u2019s Fund, UNICEF<\/a>, delivered 18 containers of aid on Friday following the resumption of relative calm in the Gaza Strip, through the Kerem Shalom crossing, to support children and families in need.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Among the items delivered were first-aid kits, blood supply bags and solution, fire extinguishers, antibiotics and other infection-control kits, together with 10,000 doses of the Sinopharm\u00a0COVID-19<\/a>\u00a0vaccine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe are extremely thankful that a ceasefire agreement in the Gaza strip came into effect at 2am this morning, because the human toll there has been huge\u201d, said Lucia Elmi<\/a>, UNICEF Special Representative in Palestine. \u201cThis will allow families to have much-needed respite and allow for the delivery of much-needed humanitarian assistance and personnel to the Gaza Strip\u201d, she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

UN rights experts call for ICC probe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

UN independent human rights experts on Friday called on all parties<\/a> to the conflict in Gaza and Israel to respect the ceasefire, and urged an investigation by the International Criminal Court<\/a> (ICC) into the attacks on civilian populations and other \u201cgross violations of human rights\u201d, according to a statement released through the UN rights office (OHCHR<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts pointed to the forced evictions of Palestinian families living in Sheikh Jarrah and Silwan, in Occupied East Jerusalem, as the spark that set off a full-blown war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They said that at least 222 people, including 63 children, were killed in Gaza and 12 people died in Israel as a result of the fighting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More than 450 buildings in the Gaza Strip were completely destroyed or damaged by missiles, the statement continued. Among them were six hospitals, nine healthcare centres and a water desalination plant, supplying around 250,000 Palestinians with clean drinking water, as well as a tower which housed media outlets including the Al Jazeera network, and Associated Press (AP). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Asymmetry of power\u2019<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOwing to the vast asymmetry of power, the victims of this conflict are disproportionately Palestinians in Gaza, of whom over 74,000 have been forcibly displaced and made homeless, mostly women and children\u201d, the experts said. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe conflict has led to a new wave of unprecedented mass destruction of civilian homes and infrastructure, including electrical grids in Gaza, and indiscriminate or deliberate missile attacks on civilians and residential areas in Israel and Gaza, that violate not only international human rights standards, but amount as well to crimes under international law for which there is individual and State responsibility\u201d, the experts continued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts said that all \u201cindiscriminate or deliberate bombardment of civilians and towers housing civilians, media organizations and refugee camps in Gaza and Israel are war crimes that are, prima facie, not justified by the requirements of proportionality and necessity under international law. All parties who engage in such attacks must bear individual and State responsibility as appropriate.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Independent Special Rapporteurs, are appointed by the UN Human Rights Council<\/a> to monitor specific countries or thematic issues.\u202f They serve in their individual capacity and are not UN staff, nor are they paid by the Organization.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ceasefire can\u2019t hide scale of destruction in Gaza, UN warns, as rights experts call for ICC probe","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ceasefire-cant-hide-scale-of-destruction-in-gaza-un-warns-as-rights-experts-call-for-icc-probe","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5276","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5264,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wie selbst die mauretanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IBI World Frankreich \u2013 9. Mai 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endloser Sand. Wie in einem Albtraum. Eine Landschaft, in der kein Punkt unterschieden werden kann, um es mit Gedanken zu erfassen, keine richtige Richtung gibt. Es hei\u00dft Mauretanien und ist eines der \u00e4rmsten L\u00e4nder der Welt (157.), da hier fast zwei Drittel der Menschen von weniger als 5 US-Dollar pro Tag leben und noch nicht lesen und schreiben k\u00f6nnen[1]<\/a>. Man k\u00f6nnte denken, dass es eine Nation ist, die niemanden interessiert, deren Au\u00dfenpolitik sich darauf beschr\u00e4nkt, um Hilfe von reicheren L\u00e4ndern zu bitten und Konflikte zu vermeiden, die sowohl sozial als auch wirtschaftlich nicht \u00fcberlebbar w\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said the country had gone to \"extreme\" lengths to avoid civilian casualties in Gaza, taking steps that no other country in the world had done.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Palestinians
Palestinians walk down a street in Gaza City in April before the recent fighting broke out<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"A
That same street, pictured hours after the ceasefire was declared<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

At a news conference on Friday Mr Netanyahu said that his country had \"exacted a heavy price from Hamas\".<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Not everything is known to the public yet, nor to Hamas, but the full range of achievements will be revealed over time,\" he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Top Hamas political leader Ismail Haniya, meanwhile, said the recent fighting \"defeated the illusions of negotiations\", describing resistance as the \"best strategic choice for liberation\".<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"We, as a movement and movement's leadership, with all our people and the good people of this nation and the world, will rebuild Gaza,\" he added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Broken
Broken mannequins lie on the floor outside a shop damaged by an Israeli air strike in Gaza City<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"The
Gaza City's al-Jalaa tower in ruins after an Israeli air strike<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"An
An Israeli man walks through his home in Sderot after it was hit by a rocket fired from Gaza<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"An
An oil storage facility in southern Israel burns after it was hit by rocket fire from Gaza<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Presidents and prime ministers worldwide have welcomed the ceasefire, brokered by Egypt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While some laid blame on one side or the other, leaders overwhelmingly called for a lasting political solution to the conflict.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Gaza-Israel conflict in pictures: 11 days of destruction","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"gaza-israel-conflict-in-pictures-11-days-of-destruction","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5300","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5288,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 21:24:32","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 21:24:32","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 21 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2021\/05\/21\/999302436\/the-bombing-has-stopped-but-pain-and-destruction-remain-in-gaza-city?t=1621804721967<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

After 11 days of fighting between Israel and Hamas, a cease-fire went into effect at 2 a.m. local time Friday. Gaza health officials say at least 240 people were killed there by waves of airstrikes from Israel. Twelve people died in Israel from more than 4,000 rockets fired by militants in Gaza, according to Israeli officials.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Friday was the first day that foreign journalists were allowed to enter the Gaza Strip since the fighting began.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In Gaza City, fully intact buildings stood right next to where others had been flattened. One building looked like a layer cake, with one story stacked on top of the other.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Families walked together in the streets, dressed-up in fancy clothes \u2014 holiday clothes for Eid, the Muslim festival that marks the end of Ramadan and started last week. Due to the war, people had not been able to visit friends and relatives during the holiday, so they celebrated it today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"We're finally leaving our houses. We're going out in the streets to celebrate this holiday, to visit our relatives. And we are seeing with our own eyes the pain and the destruction,\" said Tahani,a 30-year-old who was walking with her husband and three daughters. All wore matching pink outfits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Palestinians assess the damage in their home, hit by Israeli bombardment, in Gaza City on Friday after a cease-fire between Israel and Hamas.Mohammed Abed\/AFP via Getty Images<\/em><\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Al Wahida Street, Israeli airstrikes killed more than 40 people, according to Gaza health officials. A few buildings on the street collapsed, burying families alive. Israel says it was attacking a militant tunnel deep underground and that the buildings' foundations collapsed.Article continues after sponsor message<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The street is now a wall of rubble where apartments stood. A sofa lay crushed under a large piece of cement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who won this battle? Gazans say that they did.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a video-game shop, a young gamer named Hossam Ashour said that Hamas and Palestinians were defending Jerusalem, its Al-Aqsa Mosque and a neighborhood where Israel was set to evict Palestinians. Still, he said, Gazans don't deserve all this death and destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ashraf and four daughters dressed up for Eid holiday, celebrated a week late, in Gaza.Daniel Estrin\/NPR<\/em><\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

That destruction means a need for major rebuilding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hundreds of homes and businesses were damaged or destroyed. For now, Gazans are marking the rubble with signs that carry the name and phone number of the owner, so that they can be contacted when aid arrives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And there is the present danger of unexploded bombs. Also on Al Wahida Street, workers were removing two large unexploded missiles, under the watch of militants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fighting has stopped for now, but dangerous clearance work lies ahead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NPR's Daniel Estrin reported from Gaza City. NPR's Laurel Wamsley reported from Washington, D.C.<\/em><\/p>\n","post_title":"The Bombing Has Stopped, But Pain And Destruction Remain In Gaza City","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"the-bombing-has-stopped-but-pain-and-destruction-remain-in-gaza-city","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5288","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5276,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 21 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/news.un.org\/en\/story\/2021\/05\/1092482<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Speaking from Gaza, Matthias Schmale from the UN relief agency for Palestinians UNRWA, said that there was no \u201cgoing back to normal\u201d in the enclave, after more than 10 days of rocket fire and airstrike exchanges between the warring parties that have killed more than 250 people and injured thousands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cGoing back to normal life means having to watch very carefully where we are going; unexploded devices, we know that at least one school, one of our 278 schools, where we have established two deeply buried bombs, and we have alerted the Israeli authorities\u201d, he said. \u201cObviously we cannot just rush back into our buildings and schools, we have to make sure they\u2019re safe.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The senior UNRWA official also noted that the Kerem Shalom crossing was due to open for several hours on Friday but that for the duration of the clashes, it had not been possible to get people out for medical treatment, or aid reinforcements in.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mr. Schmale noted that UNRWA staff who are mainly residents of the region said that the violence had been \u201cworse in intensity and terror than 2014\u201d, before echoing the UN Secretary-General\u2019s call<\/a> for a meaningful political process to resolve the grievances of both Palestinians and Israelis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

War still looms<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNormality here also means 50 per cent employed and rising...I\u2019m convinced after being here two and a half years that we will be back in war unless underlying causes are not addressed; and from a Gaza perspective that means giving people and especially young people a dignified perspective of a dignified life\u201d, he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf you have your own money and take home your own money to buy food instead of depending on handouts from the UN\u201d, the top UN official added, \u201cyou\u2019re less likely to run into groupings like Hamas\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The UN Emergency Relief Coordinator, Mark Lowcock, allocated $4.5 million towards the cost of meeting rising needs across Gaza on Friday. The money comes from the Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF<\/a>), which is in addition to some $18 million allocated from the Occupied Palestinian Territory Humanitarian Fund, making for a total of $22.5 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is expected that an inter-agency Flash Appeal for the occupied Palestinian territory will be issued next week. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

UNICEF delivers aid containers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The UN Children\u2019s Fund, UNICEF<\/a>, delivered 18 containers of aid on Friday following the resumption of relative calm in the Gaza Strip, through the Kerem Shalom crossing, to support children and families in need.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Among the items delivered were first-aid kits, blood supply bags and solution, fire extinguishers, antibiotics and other infection-control kits, together with 10,000 doses of the Sinopharm\u00a0COVID-19<\/a>\u00a0vaccine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe are extremely thankful that a ceasefire agreement in the Gaza strip came into effect at 2am this morning, because the human toll there has been huge\u201d, said Lucia Elmi<\/a>, UNICEF Special Representative in Palestine. \u201cThis will allow families to have much-needed respite and allow for the delivery of much-needed humanitarian assistance and personnel to the Gaza Strip\u201d, she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

UN rights experts call for ICC probe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

UN independent human rights experts on Friday called on all parties<\/a> to the conflict in Gaza and Israel to respect the ceasefire, and urged an investigation by the International Criminal Court<\/a> (ICC) into the attacks on civilian populations and other \u201cgross violations of human rights\u201d, according to a statement released through the UN rights office (OHCHR<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts pointed to the forced evictions of Palestinian families living in Sheikh Jarrah and Silwan, in Occupied East Jerusalem, as the spark that set off a full-blown war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They said that at least 222 people, including 63 children, were killed in Gaza and 12 people died in Israel as a result of the fighting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More than 450 buildings in the Gaza Strip were completely destroyed or damaged by missiles, the statement continued. Among them were six hospitals, nine healthcare centres and a water desalination plant, supplying around 250,000 Palestinians with clean drinking water, as well as a tower which housed media outlets including the Al Jazeera network, and Associated Press (AP). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Asymmetry of power\u2019<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOwing to the vast asymmetry of power, the victims of this conflict are disproportionately Palestinians in Gaza, of whom over 74,000 have been forcibly displaced and made homeless, mostly women and children\u201d, the experts said. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe conflict has led to a new wave of unprecedented mass destruction of civilian homes and infrastructure, including electrical grids in Gaza, and indiscriminate or deliberate missile attacks on civilians and residential areas in Israel and Gaza, that violate not only international human rights standards, but amount as well to crimes under international law for which there is individual and State responsibility\u201d, the experts continued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts said that all \u201cindiscriminate or deliberate bombardment of civilians and towers housing civilians, media organizations and refugee camps in Gaza and Israel are war crimes that are, prima facie, not justified by the requirements of proportionality and necessity under international law. All parties who engage in such attacks must bear individual and State responsibility as appropriate.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Independent Special Rapporteurs, are appointed by the UN Human Rights Council<\/a> to monitor specific countries or thematic issues.\u202f They serve in their individual capacity and are not UN staff, nor are they paid by the Organization.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ceasefire can\u2019t hide scale of destruction in Gaza, UN warns, as rights experts call for ICC probe","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ceasefire-cant-hide-scale-of-destruction-in-gaza-un-warns-as-rights-experts-call-for-icc-probe","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5276","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5264,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wie selbst die mauretanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IBI World Frankreich \u2013 9. Mai 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endloser Sand. Wie in einem Albtraum. Eine Landschaft, in der kein Punkt unterschieden werden kann, um es mit Gedanken zu erfassen, keine richtige Richtung gibt. Es hei\u00dft Mauretanien und ist eines der \u00e4rmsten L\u00e4nder der Welt (157.), da hier fast zwei Drittel der Menschen von weniger als 5 US-Dollar pro Tag leben und noch nicht lesen und schreiben k\u00f6nnen[1]<\/a>. Man k\u00f6nnte denken, dass es eine Nation ist, die niemanden interessiert, deren Au\u00dfenpolitik sich darauf beschr\u00e4nkt, um Hilfe von reicheren L\u00e4ndern zu bitten und Konflikte zu vermeiden, die sowohl sozial als auch wirtschaftlich nicht \u00fcberlebbar w\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n
\"Damage
Rocket fire damaged cars and shops in Ramat Gan outside Tel Aviv<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said the country had gone to \"extreme\" lengths to avoid civilian casualties in Gaza, taking steps that no other country in the world had done.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Palestinians
Palestinians walk down a street in Gaza City in April before the recent fighting broke out<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"A
That same street, pictured hours after the ceasefire was declared<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

At a news conference on Friday Mr Netanyahu said that his country had \"exacted a heavy price from Hamas\".<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Not everything is known to the public yet, nor to Hamas, but the full range of achievements will be revealed over time,\" he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Top Hamas political leader Ismail Haniya, meanwhile, said the recent fighting \"defeated the illusions of negotiations\", describing resistance as the \"best strategic choice for liberation\".<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"We, as a movement and movement's leadership, with all our people and the good people of this nation and the world, will rebuild Gaza,\" he added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Broken
Broken mannequins lie on the floor outside a shop damaged by an Israeli air strike in Gaza City<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"The
Gaza City's al-Jalaa tower in ruins after an Israeli air strike<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"An
An Israeli man walks through his home in Sderot after it was hit by a rocket fired from Gaza<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"An
An oil storage facility in southern Israel burns after it was hit by rocket fire from Gaza<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Presidents and prime ministers worldwide have welcomed the ceasefire, brokered by Egypt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While some laid blame on one side or the other, leaders overwhelmingly called for a lasting political solution to the conflict.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Gaza-Israel conflict in pictures: 11 days of destruction","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"gaza-israel-conflict-in-pictures-11-days-of-destruction","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5300","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5288,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 21:24:32","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 21:24:32","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 21 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2021\/05\/21\/999302436\/the-bombing-has-stopped-but-pain-and-destruction-remain-in-gaza-city?t=1621804721967<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

After 11 days of fighting between Israel and Hamas, a cease-fire went into effect at 2 a.m. local time Friday. Gaza health officials say at least 240 people were killed there by waves of airstrikes from Israel. Twelve people died in Israel from more than 4,000 rockets fired by militants in Gaza, according to Israeli officials.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Friday was the first day that foreign journalists were allowed to enter the Gaza Strip since the fighting began.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In Gaza City, fully intact buildings stood right next to where others had been flattened. One building looked like a layer cake, with one story stacked on top of the other.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Families walked together in the streets, dressed-up in fancy clothes \u2014 holiday clothes for Eid, the Muslim festival that marks the end of Ramadan and started last week. Due to the war, people had not been able to visit friends and relatives during the holiday, so they celebrated it today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"We're finally leaving our houses. We're going out in the streets to celebrate this holiday, to visit our relatives. And we are seeing with our own eyes the pain and the destruction,\" said Tahani,a 30-year-old who was walking with her husband and three daughters. All wore matching pink outfits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Palestinians assess the damage in their home, hit by Israeli bombardment, in Gaza City on Friday after a cease-fire between Israel and Hamas.Mohammed Abed\/AFP via Getty Images<\/em><\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Al Wahida Street, Israeli airstrikes killed more than 40 people, according to Gaza health officials. A few buildings on the street collapsed, burying families alive. Israel says it was attacking a militant tunnel deep underground and that the buildings' foundations collapsed.Article continues after sponsor message<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The street is now a wall of rubble where apartments stood. A sofa lay crushed under a large piece of cement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who won this battle? Gazans say that they did.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a video-game shop, a young gamer named Hossam Ashour said that Hamas and Palestinians were defending Jerusalem, its Al-Aqsa Mosque and a neighborhood where Israel was set to evict Palestinians. Still, he said, Gazans don't deserve all this death and destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ashraf and four daughters dressed up for Eid holiday, celebrated a week late, in Gaza.Daniel Estrin\/NPR<\/em><\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

That destruction means a need for major rebuilding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hundreds of homes and businesses were damaged or destroyed. For now, Gazans are marking the rubble with signs that carry the name and phone number of the owner, so that they can be contacted when aid arrives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And there is the present danger of unexploded bombs. Also on Al Wahida Street, workers were removing two large unexploded missiles, under the watch of militants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fighting has stopped for now, but dangerous clearance work lies ahead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NPR's Daniel Estrin reported from Gaza City. NPR's Laurel Wamsley reported from Washington, D.C.<\/em><\/p>\n","post_title":"The Bombing Has Stopped, But Pain And Destruction Remain In Gaza City","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"the-bombing-has-stopped-but-pain-and-destruction-remain-in-gaza-city","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5288","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5276,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 21 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/news.un.org\/en\/story\/2021\/05\/1092482<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Speaking from Gaza, Matthias Schmale from the UN relief agency for Palestinians UNRWA, said that there was no \u201cgoing back to normal\u201d in the enclave, after more than 10 days of rocket fire and airstrike exchanges between the warring parties that have killed more than 250 people and injured thousands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cGoing back to normal life means having to watch very carefully where we are going; unexploded devices, we know that at least one school, one of our 278 schools, where we have established two deeply buried bombs, and we have alerted the Israeli authorities\u201d, he said. \u201cObviously we cannot just rush back into our buildings and schools, we have to make sure they\u2019re safe.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The senior UNRWA official also noted that the Kerem Shalom crossing was due to open for several hours on Friday but that for the duration of the clashes, it had not been possible to get people out for medical treatment, or aid reinforcements in.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mr. Schmale noted that UNRWA staff who are mainly residents of the region said that the violence had been \u201cworse in intensity and terror than 2014\u201d, before echoing the UN Secretary-General\u2019s call<\/a> for a meaningful political process to resolve the grievances of both Palestinians and Israelis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

War still looms<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNormality here also means 50 per cent employed and rising...I\u2019m convinced after being here two and a half years that we will be back in war unless underlying causes are not addressed; and from a Gaza perspective that means giving people and especially young people a dignified perspective of a dignified life\u201d, he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf you have your own money and take home your own money to buy food instead of depending on handouts from the UN\u201d, the top UN official added, \u201cyou\u2019re less likely to run into groupings like Hamas\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The UN Emergency Relief Coordinator, Mark Lowcock, allocated $4.5 million towards the cost of meeting rising needs across Gaza on Friday. The money comes from the Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF<\/a>), which is in addition to some $18 million allocated from the Occupied Palestinian Territory Humanitarian Fund, making for a total of $22.5 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is expected that an inter-agency Flash Appeal for the occupied Palestinian territory will be issued next week. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

UNICEF delivers aid containers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The UN Children\u2019s Fund, UNICEF<\/a>, delivered 18 containers of aid on Friday following the resumption of relative calm in the Gaza Strip, through the Kerem Shalom crossing, to support children and families in need.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Among the items delivered were first-aid kits, blood supply bags and solution, fire extinguishers, antibiotics and other infection-control kits, together with 10,000 doses of the Sinopharm\u00a0COVID-19<\/a>\u00a0vaccine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe are extremely thankful that a ceasefire agreement in the Gaza strip came into effect at 2am this morning, because the human toll there has been huge\u201d, said Lucia Elmi<\/a>, UNICEF Special Representative in Palestine. \u201cThis will allow families to have much-needed respite and allow for the delivery of much-needed humanitarian assistance and personnel to the Gaza Strip\u201d, she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

UN rights experts call for ICC probe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

UN independent human rights experts on Friday called on all parties<\/a> to the conflict in Gaza and Israel to respect the ceasefire, and urged an investigation by the International Criminal Court<\/a> (ICC) into the attacks on civilian populations and other \u201cgross violations of human rights\u201d, according to a statement released through the UN rights office (OHCHR<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts pointed to the forced evictions of Palestinian families living in Sheikh Jarrah and Silwan, in Occupied East Jerusalem, as the spark that set off a full-blown war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They said that at least 222 people, including 63 children, were killed in Gaza and 12 people died in Israel as a result of the fighting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More than 450 buildings in the Gaza Strip were completely destroyed or damaged by missiles, the statement continued. Among them were six hospitals, nine healthcare centres and a water desalination plant, supplying around 250,000 Palestinians with clean drinking water, as well as a tower which housed media outlets including the Al Jazeera network, and Associated Press (AP). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Asymmetry of power\u2019<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOwing to the vast asymmetry of power, the victims of this conflict are disproportionately Palestinians in Gaza, of whom over 74,000 have been forcibly displaced and made homeless, mostly women and children\u201d, the experts said. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe conflict has led to a new wave of unprecedented mass destruction of civilian homes and infrastructure, including electrical grids in Gaza, and indiscriminate or deliberate missile attacks on civilians and residential areas in Israel and Gaza, that violate not only international human rights standards, but amount as well to crimes under international law for which there is individual and State responsibility\u201d, the experts continued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts said that all \u201cindiscriminate or deliberate bombardment of civilians and towers housing civilians, media organizations and refugee camps in Gaza and Israel are war crimes that are, prima facie, not justified by the requirements of proportionality and necessity under international law. All parties who engage in such attacks must bear individual and State responsibility as appropriate.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Independent Special Rapporteurs, are appointed by the UN Human Rights Council<\/a> to monitor specific countries or thematic issues.\u202f They serve in their individual capacity and are not UN staff, nor are they paid by the Organization.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ceasefire can\u2019t hide scale of destruction in Gaza, UN warns, as rights experts call for ICC probe","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ceasefire-cant-hide-scale-of-destruction-in-gaza-un-warns-as-rights-experts-call-for-icc-probe","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5276","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5264,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wie selbst die mauretanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IBI World Frankreich \u2013 9. Mai 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endloser Sand. Wie in einem Albtraum. Eine Landschaft, in der kein Punkt unterschieden werden kann, um es mit Gedanken zu erfassen, keine richtige Richtung gibt. Es hei\u00dft Mauretanien und ist eines der \u00e4rmsten L\u00e4nder der Welt (157.), da hier fast zwei Drittel der Menschen von weniger als 5 US-Dollar pro Tag leben und noch nicht lesen und schreiben k\u00f6nnen[1]<\/a>. Man k\u00f6nnte denken, dass es eine Nation ist, die niemanden interessiert, deren Au\u00dfenpolitik sich darauf beschr\u00e4nkt, um Hilfe von reicheren L\u00e4ndern zu bitten und Konflikte zu vermeiden, die sowohl sozial als auch wirtschaftlich nicht \u00fcberlebbar w\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


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[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n
\"A
A man looks at the damage done to his house in southern Israel by a rocket fired from Gaza<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"Damage
Rocket fire damaged cars and shops in Ramat Gan outside Tel Aviv<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said the country had gone to \"extreme\" lengths to avoid civilian casualties in Gaza, taking steps that no other country in the world had done.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Palestinians
Palestinians walk down a street in Gaza City in April before the recent fighting broke out<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"A
That same street, pictured hours after the ceasefire was declared<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

At a news conference on Friday Mr Netanyahu said that his country had \"exacted a heavy price from Hamas\".<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Not everything is known to the public yet, nor to Hamas, but the full range of achievements will be revealed over time,\" he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Top Hamas political leader Ismail Haniya, meanwhile, said the recent fighting \"defeated the illusions of negotiations\", describing resistance as the \"best strategic choice for liberation\".<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"We, as a movement and movement's leadership, with all our people and the good people of this nation and the world, will rebuild Gaza,\" he added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Broken
Broken mannequins lie on the floor outside a shop damaged by an Israeli air strike in Gaza City<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"The
Gaza City's al-Jalaa tower in ruins after an Israeli air strike<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"An
An Israeli man walks through his home in Sderot after it was hit by a rocket fired from Gaza<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"An
An oil storage facility in southern Israel burns after it was hit by rocket fire from Gaza<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Presidents and prime ministers worldwide have welcomed the ceasefire, brokered by Egypt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While some laid blame on one side or the other, leaders overwhelmingly called for a lasting political solution to the conflict.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Gaza-Israel conflict in pictures: 11 days of destruction","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"gaza-israel-conflict-in-pictures-11-days-of-destruction","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5300","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5288,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 21:24:32","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 21:24:32","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 21 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2021\/05\/21\/999302436\/the-bombing-has-stopped-but-pain-and-destruction-remain-in-gaza-city?t=1621804721967<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

After 11 days of fighting between Israel and Hamas, a cease-fire went into effect at 2 a.m. local time Friday. Gaza health officials say at least 240 people were killed there by waves of airstrikes from Israel. Twelve people died in Israel from more than 4,000 rockets fired by militants in Gaza, according to Israeli officials.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Friday was the first day that foreign journalists were allowed to enter the Gaza Strip since the fighting began.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In Gaza City, fully intact buildings stood right next to where others had been flattened. One building looked like a layer cake, with one story stacked on top of the other.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Families walked together in the streets, dressed-up in fancy clothes \u2014 holiday clothes for Eid, the Muslim festival that marks the end of Ramadan and started last week. Due to the war, people had not been able to visit friends and relatives during the holiday, so they celebrated it today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"We're finally leaving our houses. We're going out in the streets to celebrate this holiday, to visit our relatives. And we are seeing with our own eyes the pain and the destruction,\" said Tahani,a 30-year-old who was walking with her husband and three daughters. All wore matching pink outfits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Palestinians assess the damage in their home, hit by Israeli bombardment, in Gaza City on Friday after a cease-fire between Israel and Hamas.Mohammed Abed\/AFP via Getty Images<\/em><\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Al Wahida Street, Israeli airstrikes killed more than 40 people, according to Gaza health officials. A few buildings on the street collapsed, burying families alive. Israel says it was attacking a militant tunnel deep underground and that the buildings' foundations collapsed.Article continues after sponsor message<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The street is now a wall of rubble where apartments stood. A sofa lay crushed under a large piece of cement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who won this battle? Gazans say that they did.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a video-game shop, a young gamer named Hossam Ashour said that Hamas and Palestinians were defending Jerusalem, its Al-Aqsa Mosque and a neighborhood where Israel was set to evict Palestinians. Still, he said, Gazans don't deserve all this death and destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ashraf and four daughters dressed up for Eid holiday, celebrated a week late, in Gaza.Daniel Estrin\/NPR<\/em><\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

That destruction means a need for major rebuilding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hundreds of homes and businesses were damaged or destroyed. For now, Gazans are marking the rubble with signs that carry the name and phone number of the owner, so that they can be contacted when aid arrives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And there is the present danger of unexploded bombs. Also on Al Wahida Street, workers were removing two large unexploded missiles, under the watch of militants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fighting has stopped for now, but dangerous clearance work lies ahead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NPR's Daniel Estrin reported from Gaza City. NPR's Laurel Wamsley reported from Washington, D.C.<\/em><\/p>\n","post_title":"The Bombing Has Stopped, But Pain And Destruction Remain In Gaza City","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"the-bombing-has-stopped-but-pain-and-destruction-remain-in-gaza-city","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5288","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5276,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 21 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/news.un.org\/en\/story\/2021\/05\/1092482<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Speaking from Gaza, Matthias Schmale from the UN relief agency for Palestinians UNRWA, said that there was no \u201cgoing back to normal\u201d in the enclave, after more than 10 days of rocket fire and airstrike exchanges between the warring parties that have killed more than 250 people and injured thousands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cGoing back to normal life means having to watch very carefully where we are going; unexploded devices, we know that at least one school, one of our 278 schools, where we have established two deeply buried bombs, and we have alerted the Israeli authorities\u201d, he said. \u201cObviously we cannot just rush back into our buildings and schools, we have to make sure they\u2019re safe.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The senior UNRWA official also noted that the Kerem Shalom crossing was due to open for several hours on Friday but that for the duration of the clashes, it had not been possible to get people out for medical treatment, or aid reinforcements in.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mr. Schmale noted that UNRWA staff who are mainly residents of the region said that the violence had been \u201cworse in intensity and terror than 2014\u201d, before echoing the UN Secretary-General\u2019s call<\/a> for a meaningful political process to resolve the grievances of both Palestinians and Israelis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

War still looms<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNormality here also means 50 per cent employed and rising...I\u2019m convinced after being here two and a half years that we will be back in war unless underlying causes are not addressed; and from a Gaza perspective that means giving people and especially young people a dignified perspective of a dignified life\u201d, he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf you have your own money and take home your own money to buy food instead of depending on handouts from the UN\u201d, the top UN official added, \u201cyou\u2019re less likely to run into groupings like Hamas\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The UN Emergency Relief Coordinator, Mark Lowcock, allocated $4.5 million towards the cost of meeting rising needs across Gaza on Friday. The money comes from the Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF<\/a>), which is in addition to some $18 million allocated from the Occupied Palestinian Territory Humanitarian Fund, making for a total of $22.5 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is expected that an inter-agency Flash Appeal for the occupied Palestinian territory will be issued next week. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

UNICEF delivers aid containers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The UN Children\u2019s Fund, UNICEF<\/a>, delivered 18 containers of aid on Friday following the resumption of relative calm in the Gaza Strip, through the Kerem Shalom crossing, to support children and families in need.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Among the items delivered were first-aid kits, blood supply bags and solution, fire extinguishers, antibiotics and other infection-control kits, together with 10,000 doses of the Sinopharm\u00a0COVID-19<\/a>\u00a0vaccine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe are extremely thankful that a ceasefire agreement in the Gaza strip came into effect at 2am this morning, because the human toll there has been huge\u201d, said Lucia Elmi<\/a>, UNICEF Special Representative in Palestine. \u201cThis will allow families to have much-needed respite and allow for the delivery of much-needed humanitarian assistance and personnel to the Gaza Strip\u201d, she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

UN rights experts call for ICC probe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

UN independent human rights experts on Friday called on all parties<\/a> to the conflict in Gaza and Israel to respect the ceasefire, and urged an investigation by the International Criminal Court<\/a> (ICC) into the attacks on civilian populations and other \u201cgross violations of human rights\u201d, according to a statement released through the UN rights office (OHCHR<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts pointed to the forced evictions of Palestinian families living in Sheikh Jarrah and Silwan, in Occupied East Jerusalem, as the spark that set off a full-blown war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They said that at least 222 people, including 63 children, were killed in Gaza and 12 people died in Israel as a result of the fighting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More than 450 buildings in the Gaza Strip were completely destroyed or damaged by missiles, the statement continued. Among them were six hospitals, nine healthcare centres and a water desalination plant, supplying around 250,000 Palestinians with clean drinking water, as well as a tower which housed media outlets including the Al Jazeera network, and Associated Press (AP). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Asymmetry of power\u2019<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOwing to the vast asymmetry of power, the victims of this conflict are disproportionately Palestinians in Gaza, of whom over 74,000 have been forcibly displaced and made homeless, mostly women and children\u201d, the experts said. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe conflict has led to a new wave of unprecedented mass destruction of civilian homes and infrastructure, including electrical grids in Gaza, and indiscriminate or deliberate missile attacks on civilians and residential areas in Israel and Gaza, that violate not only international human rights standards, but amount as well to crimes under international law for which there is individual and State responsibility\u201d, the experts continued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts said that all \u201cindiscriminate or deliberate bombardment of civilians and towers housing civilians, media organizations and refugee camps in Gaza and Israel are war crimes that are, prima facie, not justified by the requirements of proportionality and necessity under international law. All parties who engage in such attacks must bear individual and State responsibility as appropriate.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Independent Special Rapporteurs, are appointed by the UN Human Rights Council<\/a> to monitor specific countries or thematic issues.\u202f They serve in their individual capacity and are not UN staff, nor are they paid by the Organization.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ceasefire can\u2019t hide scale of destruction in Gaza, UN warns, as rights experts call for ICC probe","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ceasefire-cant-hide-scale-of-destruction-in-gaza-un-warns-as-rights-experts-call-for-icc-probe","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5276","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5264,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wie selbst die mauretanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IBI World Frankreich \u2013 9. Mai 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endloser Sand. Wie in einem Albtraum. Eine Landschaft, in der kein Punkt unterschieden werden kann, um es mit Gedanken zu erfassen, keine richtige Richtung gibt. Es hei\u00dft Mauretanien und ist eines der \u00e4rmsten L\u00e4nder der Welt (157.), da hier fast zwei Drittel der Menschen von weniger als 5 US-Dollar pro Tag leben und noch nicht lesen und schreiben k\u00f6nnen[1]<\/a>. Man k\u00f6nnte denken, dass es eine Nation ist, die niemanden interessiert, deren Au\u00dfenpolitik sich darauf beschr\u00e4nkt, um Hilfe von reicheren L\u00e4ndern zu bitten und Konflikte zu vermeiden, die sowohl sozial als auch wirtschaftlich nicht \u00fcberlebbar w\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

The Israeli military says more than 4,300 rockets were fired towards its territory by militants through the conflict, and that it struck more than 1,000 militant targets in Gaza.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"A
A man looks at the damage done to his house in southern Israel by a rocket fired from Gaza<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"Damage
Rocket fire damaged cars and shops in Ramat Gan outside Tel Aviv<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said the country had gone to \"extreme\" lengths to avoid civilian casualties in Gaza, taking steps that no other country in the world had done.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Palestinians
Palestinians walk down a street in Gaza City in April before the recent fighting broke out<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"A
That same street, pictured hours after the ceasefire was declared<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

At a news conference on Friday Mr Netanyahu said that his country had \"exacted a heavy price from Hamas\".<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Not everything is known to the public yet, nor to Hamas, but the full range of achievements will be revealed over time,\" he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Top Hamas political leader Ismail Haniya, meanwhile, said the recent fighting \"defeated the illusions of negotiations\", describing resistance as the \"best strategic choice for liberation\".<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"We, as a movement and movement's leadership, with all our people and the good people of this nation and the world, will rebuild Gaza,\" he added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Broken
Broken mannequins lie on the floor outside a shop damaged by an Israeli air strike in Gaza City<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"The
Gaza City's al-Jalaa tower in ruins after an Israeli air strike<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"An
An Israeli man walks through his home in Sderot after it was hit by a rocket fired from Gaza<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"An
An oil storage facility in southern Israel burns after it was hit by rocket fire from Gaza<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Presidents and prime ministers worldwide have welcomed the ceasefire, brokered by Egypt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While some laid blame on one side or the other, leaders overwhelmingly called for a lasting political solution to the conflict.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Gaza-Israel conflict in pictures: 11 days of destruction","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"gaza-israel-conflict-in-pictures-11-days-of-destruction","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5300","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5288,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 21:24:32","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 21:24:32","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 21 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2021\/05\/21\/999302436\/the-bombing-has-stopped-but-pain-and-destruction-remain-in-gaza-city?t=1621804721967<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

After 11 days of fighting between Israel and Hamas, a cease-fire went into effect at 2 a.m. local time Friday. Gaza health officials say at least 240 people were killed there by waves of airstrikes from Israel. Twelve people died in Israel from more than 4,000 rockets fired by militants in Gaza, according to Israeli officials.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Friday was the first day that foreign journalists were allowed to enter the Gaza Strip since the fighting began.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In Gaza City, fully intact buildings stood right next to where others had been flattened. One building looked like a layer cake, with one story stacked on top of the other.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Families walked together in the streets, dressed-up in fancy clothes \u2014 holiday clothes for Eid, the Muslim festival that marks the end of Ramadan and started last week. Due to the war, people had not been able to visit friends and relatives during the holiday, so they celebrated it today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"We're finally leaving our houses. We're going out in the streets to celebrate this holiday, to visit our relatives. And we are seeing with our own eyes the pain and the destruction,\" said Tahani,a 30-year-old who was walking with her husband and three daughters. All wore matching pink outfits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Palestinians assess the damage in their home, hit by Israeli bombardment, in Gaza City on Friday after a cease-fire between Israel and Hamas.Mohammed Abed\/AFP via Getty Images<\/em><\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Al Wahida Street, Israeli airstrikes killed more than 40 people, according to Gaza health officials. A few buildings on the street collapsed, burying families alive. Israel says it was attacking a militant tunnel deep underground and that the buildings' foundations collapsed.Article continues after sponsor message<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The street is now a wall of rubble where apartments stood. A sofa lay crushed under a large piece of cement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who won this battle? Gazans say that they did.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a video-game shop, a young gamer named Hossam Ashour said that Hamas and Palestinians were defending Jerusalem, its Al-Aqsa Mosque and a neighborhood where Israel was set to evict Palestinians. Still, he said, Gazans don't deserve all this death and destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ashraf and four daughters dressed up for Eid holiday, celebrated a week late, in Gaza.Daniel Estrin\/NPR<\/em><\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

That destruction means a need for major rebuilding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hundreds of homes and businesses were damaged or destroyed. For now, Gazans are marking the rubble with signs that carry the name and phone number of the owner, so that they can be contacted when aid arrives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And there is the present danger of unexploded bombs. Also on Al Wahida Street, workers were removing two large unexploded missiles, under the watch of militants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fighting has stopped for now, but dangerous clearance work lies ahead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NPR's Daniel Estrin reported from Gaza City. NPR's Laurel Wamsley reported from Washington, D.C.<\/em><\/p>\n","post_title":"The Bombing Has Stopped, But Pain And Destruction Remain In Gaza City","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"the-bombing-has-stopped-but-pain-and-destruction-remain-in-gaza-city","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5288","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5276,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 21 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/news.un.org\/en\/story\/2021\/05\/1092482<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Speaking from Gaza, Matthias Schmale from the UN relief agency for Palestinians UNRWA, said that there was no \u201cgoing back to normal\u201d in the enclave, after more than 10 days of rocket fire and airstrike exchanges between the warring parties that have killed more than 250 people and injured thousands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cGoing back to normal life means having to watch very carefully where we are going; unexploded devices, we know that at least one school, one of our 278 schools, where we have established two deeply buried bombs, and we have alerted the Israeli authorities\u201d, he said. \u201cObviously we cannot just rush back into our buildings and schools, we have to make sure they\u2019re safe.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The senior UNRWA official also noted that the Kerem Shalom crossing was due to open for several hours on Friday but that for the duration of the clashes, it had not been possible to get people out for medical treatment, or aid reinforcements in.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mr. Schmale noted that UNRWA staff who are mainly residents of the region said that the violence had been \u201cworse in intensity and terror than 2014\u201d, before echoing the UN Secretary-General\u2019s call<\/a> for a meaningful political process to resolve the grievances of both Palestinians and Israelis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

War still looms<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNormality here also means 50 per cent employed and rising...I\u2019m convinced after being here two and a half years that we will be back in war unless underlying causes are not addressed; and from a Gaza perspective that means giving people and especially young people a dignified perspective of a dignified life\u201d, he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf you have your own money and take home your own money to buy food instead of depending on handouts from the UN\u201d, the top UN official added, \u201cyou\u2019re less likely to run into groupings like Hamas\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The UN Emergency Relief Coordinator, Mark Lowcock, allocated $4.5 million towards the cost of meeting rising needs across Gaza on Friday. The money comes from the Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF<\/a>), which is in addition to some $18 million allocated from the Occupied Palestinian Territory Humanitarian Fund, making for a total of $22.5 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is expected that an inter-agency Flash Appeal for the occupied Palestinian territory will be issued next week. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

UNICEF delivers aid containers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The UN Children\u2019s Fund, UNICEF<\/a>, delivered 18 containers of aid on Friday following the resumption of relative calm in the Gaza Strip, through the Kerem Shalom crossing, to support children and families in need.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Among the items delivered were first-aid kits, blood supply bags and solution, fire extinguishers, antibiotics and other infection-control kits, together with 10,000 doses of the Sinopharm\u00a0COVID-19<\/a>\u00a0vaccine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe are extremely thankful that a ceasefire agreement in the Gaza strip came into effect at 2am this morning, because the human toll there has been huge\u201d, said Lucia Elmi<\/a>, UNICEF Special Representative in Palestine. \u201cThis will allow families to have much-needed respite and allow for the delivery of much-needed humanitarian assistance and personnel to the Gaza Strip\u201d, she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

UN rights experts call for ICC probe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

UN independent human rights experts on Friday called on all parties<\/a> to the conflict in Gaza and Israel to respect the ceasefire, and urged an investigation by the International Criminal Court<\/a> (ICC) into the attacks on civilian populations and other \u201cgross violations of human rights\u201d, according to a statement released through the UN rights office (OHCHR<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts pointed to the forced evictions of Palestinian families living in Sheikh Jarrah and Silwan, in Occupied East Jerusalem, as the spark that set off a full-blown war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They said that at least 222 people, including 63 children, were killed in Gaza and 12 people died in Israel as a result of the fighting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More than 450 buildings in the Gaza Strip were completely destroyed or damaged by missiles, the statement continued. Among them were six hospitals, nine healthcare centres and a water desalination plant, supplying around 250,000 Palestinians with clean drinking water, as well as a tower which housed media outlets including the Al Jazeera network, and Associated Press (AP). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Asymmetry of power\u2019<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOwing to the vast asymmetry of power, the victims of this conflict are disproportionately Palestinians in Gaza, of whom over 74,000 have been forcibly displaced and made homeless, mostly women and children\u201d, the experts said. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe conflict has led to a new wave of unprecedented mass destruction of civilian homes and infrastructure, including electrical grids in Gaza, and indiscriminate or deliberate missile attacks on civilians and residential areas in Israel and Gaza, that violate not only international human rights standards, but amount as well to crimes under international law for which there is individual and State responsibility\u201d, the experts continued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts said that all \u201cindiscriminate or deliberate bombardment of civilians and towers housing civilians, media organizations and refugee camps in Gaza and Israel are war crimes that are, prima facie, not justified by the requirements of proportionality and necessity under international law. All parties who engage in such attacks must bear individual and State responsibility as appropriate.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Independent Special Rapporteurs, are appointed by the UN Human Rights Council<\/a> to monitor specific countries or thematic issues.\u202f They serve in their individual capacity and are not UN staff, nor are they paid by the Organization.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ceasefire can\u2019t hide scale of destruction in Gaza, UN warns, as rights experts call for ICC probe","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ceasefire-cant-hide-scale-of-destruction-in-gaza-un-warns-as-rights-experts-call-for-icc-probe","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5276","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5264,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wie selbst die mauretanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IBI World Frankreich \u2013 9. Mai 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endloser Sand. Wie in einem Albtraum. Eine Landschaft, in der kein Punkt unterschieden werden kann, um es mit Gedanken zu erfassen, keine richtige Richtung gibt. Es hei\u00dft Mauretanien und ist eines der \u00e4rmsten L\u00e4nder der Welt (157.), da hier fast zwei Drittel der Menschen von weniger als 5 US-Dollar pro Tag leben und noch nicht lesen und schreiben k\u00f6nnen[1]<\/a>. Man k\u00f6nnte denken, dass es eine Nation ist, die niemanden interessiert, deren Au\u00dfenpolitik sich darauf beschr\u00e4nkt, um Hilfe von reicheren L\u00e4ndern zu bitten und Konflikte zu vermeiden, die sowohl sozial als auch wirtschaftlich nicht \u00fcberlebbar w\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

Both sides claim victory in the conflict. Now images are emerging of the damage done by Hamas rocket fire and Israeli strikes.https:\/\/flo.uri.sh\/visualisation\/6212484\/embed?auto=1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Israeli military says more than 4,300 rockets were fired towards its territory by militants through the conflict, and that it struck more than 1,000 militant targets in Gaza.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"A
A man looks at the damage done to his house in southern Israel by a rocket fired from Gaza<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"Damage
Rocket fire damaged cars and shops in Ramat Gan outside Tel Aviv<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said the country had gone to \"extreme\" lengths to avoid civilian casualties in Gaza, taking steps that no other country in the world had done.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Palestinians
Palestinians walk down a street in Gaza City in April before the recent fighting broke out<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"A
That same street, pictured hours after the ceasefire was declared<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

At a news conference on Friday Mr Netanyahu said that his country had \"exacted a heavy price from Hamas\".<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Not everything is known to the public yet, nor to Hamas, but the full range of achievements will be revealed over time,\" he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Top Hamas political leader Ismail Haniya, meanwhile, said the recent fighting \"defeated the illusions of negotiations\", describing resistance as the \"best strategic choice for liberation\".<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"We, as a movement and movement's leadership, with all our people and the good people of this nation and the world, will rebuild Gaza,\" he added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Broken
Broken mannequins lie on the floor outside a shop damaged by an Israeli air strike in Gaza City<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"The
Gaza City's al-Jalaa tower in ruins after an Israeli air strike<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"An
An Israeli man walks through his home in Sderot after it was hit by a rocket fired from Gaza<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"An
An oil storage facility in southern Israel burns after it was hit by rocket fire from Gaza<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Presidents and prime ministers worldwide have welcomed the ceasefire, brokered by Egypt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While some laid blame on one side or the other, leaders overwhelmingly called for a lasting political solution to the conflict.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Gaza-Israel conflict in pictures: 11 days of destruction","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"gaza-israel-conflict-in-pictures-11-days-of-destruction","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5300","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5288,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 21:24:32","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 21:24:32","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 21 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2021\/05\/21\/999302436\/the-bombing-has-stopped-but-pain-and-destruction-remain-in-gaza-city?t=1621804721967<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

After 11 days of fighting between Israel and Hamas, a cease-fire went into effect at 2 a.m. local time Friday. Gaza health officials say at least 240 people were killed there by waves of airstrikes from Israel. Twelve people died in Israel from more than 4,000 rockets fired by militants in Gaza, according to Israeli officials.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Friday was the first day that foreign journalists were allowed to enter the Gaza Strip since the fighting began.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In Gaza City, fully intact buildings stood right next to where others had been flattened. One building looked like a layer cake, with one story stacked on top of the other.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Families walked together in the streets, dressed-up in fancy clothes \u2014 holiday clothes for Eid, the Muslim festival that marks the end of Ramadan and started last week. Due to the war, people had not been able to visit friends and relatives during the holiday, so they celebrated it today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"We're finally leaving our houses. We're going out in the streets to celebrate this holiday, to visit our relatives. And we are seeing with our own eyes the pain and the destruction,\" said Tahani,a 30-year-old who was walking with her husband and three daughters. All wore matching pink outfits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Palestinians assess the damage in their home, hit by Israeli bombardment, in Gaza City on Friday after a cease-fire between Israel and Hamas.Mohammed Abed\/AFP via Getty Images<\/em><\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Al Wahida Street, Israeli airstrikes killed more than 40 people, according to Gaza health officials. A few buildings on the street collapsed, burying families alive. Israel says it was attacking a militant tunnel deep underground and that the buildings' foundations collapsed.Article continues after sponsor message<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The street is now a wall of rubble where apartments stood. A sofa lay crushed under a large piece of cement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who won this battle? Gazans say that they did.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a video-game shop, a young gamer named Hossam Ashour said that Hamas and Palestinians were defending Jerusalem, its Al-Aqsa Mosque and a neighborhood where Israel was set to evict Palestinians. Still, he said, Gazans don't deserve all this death and destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ashraf and four daughters dressed up for Eid holiday, celebrated a week late, in Gaza.Daniel Estrin\/NPR<\/em><\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

That destruction means a need for major rebuilding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hundreds of homes and businesses were damaged or destroyed. For now, Gazans are marking the rubble with signs that carry the name and phone number of the owner, so that they can be contacted when aid arrives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And there is the present danger of unexploded bombs. Also on Al Wahida Street, workers were removing two large unexploded missiles, under the watch of militants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fighting has stopped for now, but dangerous clearance work lies ahead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NPR's Daniel Estrin reported from Gaza City. NPR's Laurel Wamsley reported from Washington, D.C.<\/em><\/p>\n","post_title":"The Bombing Has Stopped, But Pain And Destruction Remain In Gaza City","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"the-bombing-has-stopped-but-pain-and-destruction-remain-in-gaza-city","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5288","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5276,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 21 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/news.un.org\/en\/story\/2021\/05\/1092482<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Speaking from Gaza, Matthias Schmale from the UN relief agency for Palestinians UNRWA, said that there was no \u201cgoing back to normal\u201d in the enclave, after more than 10 days of rocket fire and airstrike exchanges between the warring parties that have killed more than 250 people and injured thousands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cGoing back to normal life means having to watch very carefully where we are going; unexploded devices, we know that at least one school, one of our 278 schools, where we have established two deeply buried bombs, and we have alerted the Israeli authorities\u201d, he said. \u201cObviously we cannot just rush back into our buildings and schools, we have to make sure they\u2019re safe.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The senior UNRWA official also noted that the Kerem Shalom crossing was due to open for several hours on Friday but that for the duration of the clashes, it had not been possible to get people out for medical treatment, or aid reinforcements in.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mr. Schmale noted that UNRWA staff who are mainly residents of the region said that the violence had been \u201cworse in intensity and terror than 2014\u201d, before echoing the UN Secretary-General\u2019s call<\/a> for a meaningful political process to resolve the grievances of both Palestinians and Israelis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

War still looms<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNormality here also means 50 per cent employed and rising...I\u2019m convinced after being here two and a half years that we will be back in war unless underlying causes are not addressed; and from a Gaza perspective that means giving people and especially young people a dignified perspective of a dignified life\u201d, he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf you have your own money and take home your own money to buy food instead of depending on handouts from the UN\u201d, the top UN official added, \u201cyou\u2019re less likely to run into groupings like Hamas\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The UN Emergency Relief Coordinator, Mark Lowcock, allocated $4.5 million towards the cost of meeting rising needs across Gaza on Friday. The money comes from the Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF<\/a>), which is in addition to some $18 million allocated from the Occupied Palestinian Territory Humanitarian Fund, making for a total of $22.5 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is expected that an inter-agency Flash Appeal for the occupied Palestinian territory will be issued next week. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

UNICEF delivers aid containers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The UN Children\u2019s Fund, UNICEF<\/a>, delivered 18 containers of aid on Friday following the resumption of relative calm in the Gaza Strip, through the Kerem Shalom crossing, to support children and families in need.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Among the items delivered were first-aid kits, blood supply bags and solution, fire extinguishers, antibiotics and other infection-control kits, together with 10,000 doses of the Sinopharm\u00a0COVID-19<\/a>\u00a0vaccine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe are extremely thankful that a ceasefire agreement in the Gaza strip came into effect at 2am this morning, because the human toll there has been huge\u201d, said Lucia Elmi<\/a>, UNICEF Special Representative in Palestine. \u201cThis will allow families to have much-needed respite and allow for the delivery of much-needed humanitarian assistance and personnel to the Gaza Strip\u201d, she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

UN rights experts call for ICC probe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

UN independent human rights experts on Friday called on all parties<\/a> to the conflict in Gaza and Israel to respect the ceasefire, and urged an investigation by the International Criminal Court<\/a> (ICC) into the attacks on civilian populations and other \u201cgross violations of human rights\u201d, according to a statement released through the UN rights office (OHCHR<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts pointed to the forced evictions of Palestinian families living in Sheikh Jarrah and Silwan, in Occupied East Jerusalem, as the spark that set off a full-blown war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They said that at least 222 people, including 63 children, were killed in Gaza and 12 people died in Israel as a result of the fighting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More than 450 buildings in the Gaza Strip were completely destroyed or damaged by missiles, the statement continued. Among them were six hospitals, nine healthcare centres and a water desalination plant, supplying around 250,000 Palestinians with clean drinking water, as well as a tower which housed media outlets including the Al Jazeera network, and Associated Press (AP). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Asymmetry of power\u2019<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOwing to the vast asymmetry of power, the victims of this conflict are disproportionately Palestinians in Gaza, of whom over 74,000 have been forcibly displaced and made homeless, mostly women and children\u201d, the experts said. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe conflict has led to a new wave of unprecedented mass destruction of civilian homes and infrastructure, including electrical grids in Gaza, and indiscriminate or deliberate missile attacks on civilians and residential areas in Israel and Gaza, that violate not only international human rights standards, but amount as well to crimes under international law for which there is individual and State responsibility\u201d, the experts continued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts said that all \u201cindiscriminate or deliberate bombardment of civilians and towers housing civilians, media organizations and refugee camps in Gaza and Israel are war crimes that are, prima facie, not justified by the requirements of proportionality and necessity under international law. All parties who engage in such attacks must bear individual and State responsibility as appropriate.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Independent Special Rapporteurs, are appointed by the UN Human Rights Council<\/a> to monitor specific countries or thematic issues.\u202f They serve in their individual capacity and are not UN staff, nor are they paid by the Organization.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ceasefire can\u2019t hide scale of destruction in Gaza, UN warns, as rights experts call for ICC probe","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ceasefire-cant-hide-scale-of-destruction-in-gaza-un-warns-as-rights-experts-call-for-icc-probe","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5276","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5264,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wie selbst die mauretanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IBI World Frankreich \u2013 9. Mai 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endloser Sand. Wie in einem Albtraum. Eine Landschaft, in der kein Punkt unterschieden werden kann, um es mit Gedanken zu erfassen, keine richtige Richtung gibt. Es hei\u00dft Mauretanien und ist eines der \u00e4rmsten L\u00e4nder der Welt (157.), da hier fast zwei Drittel der Menschen von weniger als 5 US-Dollar pro Tag leben und noch nicht lesen und schreiben k\u00f6nnen[1]<\/a>. Man k\u00f6nnte denken, dass es eine Nation ist, die niemanden interessiert, deren Au\u00dfenpolitik sich darauf beschr\u00e4nkt, um Hilfe von reicheren L\u00e4ndern zu bitten und Konflikte zu vermeiden, die sowohl sozial als auch wirtschaftlich nicht \u00fcberlebbar w\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

In Israel 12 people, including two children, were killed, its medical service says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Both sides claim victory in the conflict. Now images are emerging of the damage done by Hamas rocket fire and Israeli strikes.https:\/\/flo.uri.sh\/visualisation\/6212484\/embed?auto=1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Israeli military says more than 4,300 rockets were fired towards its territory by militants through the conflict, and that it struck more than 1,000 militant targets in Gaza.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"A
A man looks at the damage done to his house in southern Israel by a rocket fired from Gaza<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"Damage
Rocket fire damaged cars and shops in Ramat Gan outside Tel Aviv<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said the country had gone to \"extreme\" lengths to avoid civilian casualties in Gaza, taking steps that no other country in the world had done.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Palestinians
Palestinians walk down a street in Gaza City in April before the recent fighting broke out<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"A
That same street, pictured hours after the ceasefire was declared<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

At a news conference on Friday Mr Netanyahu said that his country had \"exacted a heavy price from Hamas\".<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Not everything is known to the public yet, nor to Hamas, but the full range of achievements will be revealed over time,\" he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Top Hamas political leader Ismail Haniya, meanwhile, said the recent fighting \"defeated the illusions of negotiations\", describing resistance as the \"best strategic choice for liberation\".<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"We, as a movement and movement's leadership, with all our people and the good people of this nation and the world, will rebuild Gaza,\" he added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Broken
Broken mannequins lie on the floor outside a shop damaged by an Israeli air strike in Gaza City<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"The
Gaza City's al-Jalaa tower in ruins after an Israeli air strike<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"An
An Israeli man walks through his home in Sderot after it was hit by a rocket fired from Gaza<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"An
An oil storage facility in southern Israel burns after it was hit by rocket fire from Gaza<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Presidents and prime ministers worldwide have welcomed the ceasefire, brokered by Egypt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While some laid blame on one side or the other, leaders overwhelmingly called for a lasting political solution to the conflict.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Gaza-Israel conflict in pictures: 11 days of destruction","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"gaza-israel-conflict-in-pictures-11-days-of-destruction","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5300","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5288,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 21:24:32","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 21:24:32","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 21 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2021\/05\/21\/999302436\/the-bombing-has-stopped-but-pain-and-destruction-remain-in-gaza-city?t=1621804721967<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

After 11 days of fighting between Israel and Hamas, a cease-fire went into effect at 2 a.m. local time Friday. Gaza health officials say at least 240 people were killed there by waves of airstrikes from Israel. Twelve people died in Israel from more than 4,000 rockets fired by militants in Gaza, according to Israeli officials.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Friday was the first day that foreign journalists were allowed to enter the Gaza Strip since the fighting began.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In Gaza City, fully intact buildings stood right next to where others had been flattened. One building looked like a layer cake, with one story stacked on top of the other.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Families walked together in the streets, dressed-up in fancy clothes \u2014 holiday clothes for Eid, the Muslim festival that marks the end of Ramadan and started last week. Due to the war, people had not been able to visit friends and relatives during the holiday, so they celebrated it today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"We're finally leaving our houses. We're going out in the streets to celebrate this holiday, to visit our relatives. And we are seeing with our own eyes the pain and the destruction,\" said Tahani,a 30-year-old who was walking with her husband and three daughters. All wore matching pink outfits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Palestinians assess the damage in their home, hit by Israeli bombardment, in Gaza City on Friday after a cease-fire between Israel and Hamas.Mohammed Abed\/AFP via Getty Images<\/em><\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Al Wahida Street, Israeli airstrikes killed more than 40 people, according to Gaza health officials. A few buildings on the street collapsed, burying families alive. Israel says it was attacking a militant tunnel deep underground and that the buildings' foundations collapsed.Article continues after sponsor message<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The street is now a wall of rubble where apartments stood. A sofa lay crushed under a large piece of cement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who won this battle? Gazans say that they did.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a video-game shop, a young gamer named Hossam Ashour said that Hamas and Palestinians were defending Jerusalem, its Al-Aqsa Mosque and a neighborhood where Israel was set to evict Palestinians. Still, he said, Gazans don't deserve all this death and destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ashraf and four daughters dressed up for Eid holiday, celebrated a week late, in Gaza.Daniel Estrin\/NPR<\/em><\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

That destruction means a need for major rebuilding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hundreds of homes and businesses were damaged or destroyed. For now, Gazans are marking the rubble with signs that carry the name and phone number of the owner, so that they can be contacted when aid arrives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And there is the present danger of unexploded bombs. Also on Al Wahida Street, workers were removing two large unexploded missiles, under the watch of militants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fighting has stopped for now, but dangerous clearance work lies ahead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NPR's Daniel Estrin reported from Gaza City. NPR's Laurel Wamsley reported from Washington, D.C.<\/em><\/p>\n","post_title":"The Bombing Has Stopped, But Pain And Destruction Remain In Gaza City","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"the-bombing-has-stopped-but-pain-and-destruction-remain-in-gaza-city","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5288","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5276,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 21 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/news.un.org\/en\/story\/2021\/05\/1092482<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Speaking from Gaza, Matthias Schmale from the UN relief agency for Palestinians UNRWA, said that there was no \u201cgoing back to normal\u201d in the enclave, after more than 10 days of rocket fire and airstrike exchanges between the warring parties that have killed more than 250 people and injured thousands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cGoing back to normal life means having to watch very carefully where we are going; unexploded devices, we know that at least one school, one of our 278 schools, where we have established two deeply buried bombs, and we have alerted the Israeli authorities\u201d, he said. \u201cObviously we cannot just rush back into our buildings and schools, we have to make sure they\u2019re safe.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The senior UNRWA official also noted that the Kerem Shalom crossing was due to open for several hours on Friday but that for the duration of the clashes, it had not been possible to get people out for medical treatment, or aid reinforcements in.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mr. Schmale noted that UNRWA staff who are mainly residents of the region said that the violence had been \u201cworse in intensity and terror than 2014\u201d, before echoing the UN Secretary-General\u2019s call<\/a> for a meaningful political process to resolve the grievances of both Palestinians and Israelis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

War still looms<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNormality here also means 50 per cent employed and rising...I\u2019m convinced after being here two and a half years that we will be back in war unless underlying causes are not addressed; and from a Gaza perspective that means giving people and especially young people a dignified perspective of a dignified life\u201d, he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf you have your own money and take home your own money to buy food instead of depending on handouts from the UN\u201d, the top UN official added, \u201cyou\u2019re less likely to run into groupings like Hamas\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The UN Emergency Relief Coordinator, Mark Lowcock, allocated $4.5 million towards the cost of meeting rising needs across Gaza on Friday. The money comes from the Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF<\/a>), which is in addition to some $18 million allocated from the Occupied Palestinian Territory Humanitarian Fund, making for a total of $22.5 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is expected that an inter-agency Flash Appeal for the occupied Palestinian territory will be issued next week. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

UNICEF delivers aid containers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The UN Children\u2019s Fund, UNICEF<\/a>, delivered 18 containers of aid on Friday following the resumption of relative calm in the Gaza Strip, through the Kerem Shalom crossing, to support children and families in need.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Among the items delivered were first-aid kits, blood supply bags and solution, fire extinguishers, antibiotics and other infection-control kits, together with 10,000 doses of the Sinopharm\u00a0COVID-19<\/a>\u00a0vaccine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe are extremely thankful that a ceasefire agreement in the Gaza strip came into effect at 2am this morning, because the human toll there has been huge\u201d, said Lucia Elmi<\/a>, UNICEF Special Representative in Palestine. \u201cThis will allow families to have much-needed respite and allow for the delivery of much-needed humanitarian assistance and personnel to the Gaza Strip\u201d, she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

UN rights experts call for ICC probe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

UN independent human rights experts on Friday called on all parties<\/a> to the conflict in Gaza and Israel to respect the ceasefire, and urged an investigation by the International Criminal Court<\/a> (ICC) into the attacks on civilian populations and other \u201cgross violations of human rights\u201d, according to a statement released through the UN rights office (OHCHR<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts pointed to the forced evictions of Palestinian families living in Sheikh Jarrah and Silwan, in Occupied East Jerusalem, as the spark that set off a full-blown war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They said that at least 222 people, including 63 children, were killed in Gaza and 12 people died in Israel as a result of the fighting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More than 450 buildings in the Gaza Strip were completely destroyed or damaged by missiles, the statement continued. Among them were six hospitals, nine healthcare centres and a water desalination plant, supplying around 250,000 Palestinians with clean drinking water, as well as a tower which housed media outlets including the Al Jazeera network, and Associated Press (AP). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Asymmetry of power\u2019<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOwing to the vast asymmetry of power, the victims of this conflict are disproportionately Palestinians in Gaza, of whom over 74,000 have been forcibly displaced and made homeless, mostly women and children\u201d, the experts said. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe conflict has led to a new wave of unprecedented mass destruction of civilian homes and infrastructure, including electrical grids in Gaza, and indiscriminate or deliberate missile attacks on civilians and residential areas in Israel and Gaza, that violate not only international human rights standards, but amount as well to crimes under international law for which there is individual and State responsibility\u201d, the experts continued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts said that all \u201cindiscriminate or deliberate bombardment of civilians and towers housing civilians, media organizations and refugee camps in Gaza and Israel are war crimes that are, prima facie, not justified by the requirements of proportionality and necessity under international law. All parties who engage in such attacks must bear individual and State responsibility as appropriate.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Independent Special Rapporteurs, are appointed by the UN Human Rights Council<\/a> to monitor specific countries or thematic issues.\u202f They serve in their individual capacity and are not UN staff, nor are they paid by the Organization.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ceasefire can\u2019t hide scale of destruction in Gaza, UN warns, as rights experts call for ICC probe","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ceasefire-cant-hide-scale-of-destruction-in-gaza-un-warns-as-rights-experts-call-for-icc-probe","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5276","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5264,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wie selbst die mauretanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IBI World Frankreich \u2013 9. Mai 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endloser Sand. Wie in einem Albtraum. Eine Landschaft, in der kein Punkt unterschieden werden kann, um es mit Gedanken zu erfassen, keine richtige Richtung gibt. Es hei\u00dft Mauretanien und ist eines der \u00e4rmsten L\u00e4nder der Welt (157.), da hier fast zwei Drittel der Menschen von weniger als 5 US-Dollar pro Tag leben und noch nicht lesen und schreiben k\u00f6nnen[1]<\/a>. Man k\u00f6nnte denken, dass es eine Nation ist, die niemanden interessiert, deren Au\u00dfenpolitik sich darauf beschr\u00e4nkt, um Hilfe von reicheren L\u00e4ndern zu bitten und Konflikte zu vermeiden, die sowohl sozial als auch wirtschaftlich nicht \u00fcberlebbar w\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

At least 243 people, including more than 100 women and children, were killed in Gaza, according to its health ministry. Israel has said it killed at least 225 militants during the fighting. Hamas has not given casualty figures for fighters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In Israel 12 people, including two children, were killed, its medical service says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Both sides claim victory in the conflict. Now images are emerging of the damage done by Hamas rocket fire and Israeli strikes.https:\/\/flo.uri.sh\/visualisation\/6212484\/embed?auto=1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Israeli military says more than 4,300 rockets were fired towards its territory by militants through the conflict, and that it struck more than 1,000 militant targets in Gaza.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"A
A man looks at the damage done to his house in southern Israel by a rocket fired from Gaza<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"Damage
Rocket fire damaged cars and shops in Ramat Gan outside Tel Aviv<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said the country had gone to \"extreme\" lengths to avoid civilian casualties in Gaza, taking steps that no other country in the world had done.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Palestinians
Palestinians walk down a street in Gaza City in April before the recent fighting broke out<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"A
That same street, pictured hours after the ceasefire was declared<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

At a news conference on Friday Mr Netanyahu said that his country had \"exacted a heavy price from Hamas\".<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Not everything is known to the public yet, nor to Hamas, but the full range of achievements will be revealed over time,\" he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Top Hamas political leader Ismail Haniya, meanwhile, said the recent fighting \"defeated the illusions of negotiations\", describing resistance as the \"best strategic choice for liberation\".<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"We, as a movement and movement's leadership, with all our people and the good people of this nation and the world, will rebuild Gaza,\" he added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Broken
Broken mannequins lie on the floor outside a shop damaged by an Israeli air strike in Gaza City<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"The
Gaza City's al-Jalaa tower in ruins after an Israeli air strike<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"An
An Israeli man walks through his home in Sderot after it was hit by a rocket fired from Gaza<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"An
An oil storage facility in southern Israel burns after it was hit by rocket fire from Gaza<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Presidents and prime ministers worldwide have welcomed the ceasefire, brokered by Egypt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While some laid blame on one side or the other, leaders overwhelmingly called for a lasting political solution to the conflict.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Gaza-Israel conflict in pictures: 11 days of destruction","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"gaza-israel-conflict-in-pictures-11-days-of-destruction","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5300","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5288,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 21:24:32","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 21:24:32","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 21 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2021\/05\/21\/999302436\/the-bombing-has-stopped-but-pain-and-destruction-remain-in-gaza-city?t=1621804721967<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

After 11 days of fighting between Israel and Hamas, a cease-fire went into effect at 2 a.m. local time Friday. Gaza health officials say at least 240 people were killed there by waves of airstrikes from Israel. Twelve people died in Israel from more than 4,000 rockets fired by militants in Gaza, according to Israeli officials.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Friday was the first day that foreign journalists were allowed to enter the Gaza Strip since the fighting began.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In Gaza City, fully intact buildings stood right next to where others had been flattened. One building looked like a layer cake, with one story stacked on top of the other.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Families walked together in the streets, dressed-up in fancy clothes \u2014 holiday clothes for Eid, the Muslim festival that marks the end of Ramadan and started last week. Due to the war, people had not been able to visit friends and relatives during the holiday, so they celebrated it today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"We're finally leaving our houses. We're going out in the streets to celebrate this holiday, to visit our relatives. And we are seeing with our own eyes the pain and the destruction,\" said Tahani,a 30-year-old who was walking with her husband and three daughters. All wore matching pink outfits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Palestinians assess the damage in their home, hit by Israeli bombardment, in Gaza City on Friday after a cease-fire between Israel and Hamas.Mohammed Abed\/AFP via Getty Images<\/em><\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Al Wahida Street, Israeli airstrikes killed more than 40 people, according to Gaza health officials. A few buildings on the street collapsed, burying families alive. Israel says it was attacking a militant tunnel deep underground and that the buildings' foundations collapsed.Article continues after sponsor message<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The street is now a wall of rubble where apartments stood. A sofa lay crushed under a large piece of cement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who won this battle? Gazans say that they did.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a video-game shop, a young gamer named Hossam Ashour said that Hamas and Palestinians were defending Jerusalem, its Al-Aqsa Mosque and a neighborhood where Israel was set to evict Palestinians. Still, he said, Gazans don't deserve all this death and destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ashraf and four daughters dressed up for Eid holiday, celebrated a week late, in Gaza.Daniel Estrin\/NPR<\/em><\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

That destruction means a need for major rebuilding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hundreds of homes and businesses were damaged or destroyed. For now, Gazans are marking the rubble with signs that carry the name and phone number of the owner, so that they can be contacted when aid arrives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And there is the present danger of unexploded bombs. Also on Al Wahida Street, workers were removing two large unexploded missiles, under the watch of militants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fighting has stopped for now, but dangerous clearance work lies ahead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NPR's Daniel Estrin reported from Gaza City. NPR's Laurel Wamsley reported from Washington, D.C.<\/em><\/p>\n","post_title":"The Bombing Has Stopped, But Pain And Destruction Remain In Gaza City","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"the-bombing-has-stopped-but-pain-and-destruction-remain-in-gaza-city","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5288","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5276,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 21 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/news.un.org\/en\/story\/2021\/05\/1092482<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Speaking from Gaza, Matthias Schmale from the UN relief agency for Palestinians UNRWA, said that there was no \u201cgoing back to normal\u201d in the enclave, after more than 10 days of rocket fire and airstrike exchanges between the warring parties that have killed more than 250 people and injured thousands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cGoing back to normal life means having to watch very carefully where we are going; unexploded devices, we know that at least one school, one of our 278 schools, where we have established two deeply buried bombs, and we have alerted the Israeli authorities\u201d, he said. \u201cObviously we cannot just rush back into our buildings and schools, we have to make sure they\u2019re safe.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The senior UNRWA official also noted that the Kerem Shalom crossing was due to open for several hours on Friday but that for the duration of the clashes, it had not been possible to get people out for medical treatment, or aid reinforcements in.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mr. Schmale noted that UNRWA staff who are mainly residents of the region said that the violence had been \u201cworse in intensity and terror than 2014\u201d, before echoing the UN Secretary-General\u2019s call<\/a> for a meaningful political process to resolve the grievances of both Palestinians and Israelis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

War still looms<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNormality here also means 50 per cent employed and rising...I\u2019m convinced after being here two and a half years that we will be back in war unless underlying causes are not addressed; and from a Gaza perspective that means giving people and especially young people a dignified perspective of a dignified life\u201d, he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf you have your own money and take home your own money to buy food instead of depending on handouts from the UN\u201d, the top UN official added, \u201cyou\u2019re less likely to run into groupings like Hamas\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The UN Emergency Relief Coordinator, Mark Lowcock, allocated $4.5 million towards the cost of meeting rising needs across Gaza on Friday. The money comes from the Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF<\/a>), which is in addition to some $18 million allocated from the Occupied Palestinian Territory Humanitarian Fund, making for a total of $22.5 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is expected that an inter-agency Flash Appeal for the occupied Palestinian territory will be issued next week. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

UNICEF delivers aid containers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The UN Children\u2019s Fund, UNICEF<\/a>, delivered 18 containers of aid on Friday following the resumption of relative calm in the Gaza Strip, through the Kerem Shalom crossing, to support children and families in need.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Among the items delivered were first-aid kits, blood supply bags and solution, fire extinguishers, antibiotics and other infection-control kits, together with 10,000 doses of the Sinopharm\u00a0COVID-19<\/a>\u00a0vaccine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe are extremely thankful that a ceasefire agreement in the Gaza strip came into effect at 2am this morning, because the human toll there has been huge\u201d, said Lucia Elmi<\/a>, UNICEF Special Representative in Palestine. \u201cThis will allow families to have much-needed respite and allow for the delivery of much-needed humanitarian assistance and personnel to the Gaza Strip\u201d, she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

UN rights experts call for ICC probe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

UN independent human rights experts on Friday called on all parties<\/a> to the conflict in Gaza and Israel to respect the ceasefire, and urged an investigation by the International Criminal Court<\/a> (ICC) into the attacks on civilian populations and other \u201cgross violations of human rights\u201d, according to a statement released through the UN rights office (OHCHR<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts pointed to the forced evictions of Palestinian families living in Sheikh Jarrah and Silwan, in Occupied East Jerusalem, as the spark that set off a full-blown war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They said that at least 222 people, including 63 children, were killed in Gaza and 12 people died in Israel as a result of the fighting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More than 450 buildings in the Gaza Strip were completely destroyed or damaged by missiles, the statement continued. Among them were six hospitals, nine healthcare centres and a water desalination plant, supplying around 250,000 Palestinians with clean drinking water, as well as a tower which housed media outlets including the Al Jazeera network, and Associated Press (AP). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Asymmetry of power\u2019<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOwing to the vast asymmetry of power, the victims of this conflict are disproportionately Palestinians in Gaza, of whom over 74,000 have been forcibly displaced and made homeless, mostly women and children\u201d, the experts said. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe conflict has led to a new wave of unprecedented mass destruction of civilian homes and infrastructure, including electrical grids in Gaza, and indiscriminate or deliberate missile attacks on civilians and residential areas in Israel and Gaza, that violate not only international human rights standards, but amount as well to crimes under international law for which there is individual and State responsibility\u201d, the experts continued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts said that all \u201cindiscriminate or deliberate bombardment of civilians and towers housing civilians, media organizations and refugee camps in Gaza and Israel are war crimes that are, prima facie, not justified by the requirements of proportionality and necessity under international law. All parties who engage in such attacks must bear individual and State responsibility as appropriate.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Independent Special Rapporteurs, are appointed by the UN Human Rights Council<\/a> to monitor specific countries or thematic issues.\u202f They serve in their individual capacity and are not UN staff, nor are they paid by the Organization.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ceasefire can\u2019t hide scale of destruction in Gaza, UN warns, as rights experts call for ICC probe","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ceasefire-cant-hide-scale-of-destruction-in-gaza-un-warns-as-rights-experts-call-for-icc-probe","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5276","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5264,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wie selbst die mauretanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IBI World Frankreich \u2013 9. Mai 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endloser Sand. Wie in einem Albtraum. Eine Landschaft, in der kein Punkt unterschieden werden kann, um es mit Gedanken zu erfassen, keine richtige Richtung gibt. Es hei\u00dft Mauretanien und ist eines der \u00e4rmsten L\u00e4nder der Welt (157.), da hier fast zwei Drittel der Menschen von weniger als 5 US-Dollar pro Tag leben und noch nicht lesen und schreiben k\u00f6nnen[1]<\/a>. Man k\u00f6nnte denken, dass es eine Nation ist, die niemanden interessiert, deren Au\u00dfenpolitik sich darauf beschr\u00e4nkt, um Hilfe von reicheren L\u00e4ndern zu bitten und Konflikte zu vermeiden, die sowohl sozial als auch wirtschaftlich nicht \u00fcberlebbar w\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

After 11 days of fighting, Israel and the Palestinian militant group Hamas have agreed to a ceasefire.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

At least 243 people, including more than 100 women and children, were killed in Gaza, according to its health ministry. Israel has said it killed at least 225 militants during the fighting. Hamas has not given casualty figures for fighters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In Israel 12 people, including two children, were killed, its medical service says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Both sides claim victory in the conflict. Now images are emerging of the damage done by Hamas rocket fire and Israeli strikes.https:\/\/flo.uri.sh\/visualisation\/6212484\/embed?auto=1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Israeli military says more than 4,300 rockets were fired towards its territory by militants through the conflict, and that it struck more than 1,000 militant targets in Gaza.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"A
A man looks at the damage done to his house in southern Israel by a rocket fired from Gaza<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"Damage
Rocket fire damaged cars and shops in Ramat Gan outside Tel Aviv<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said the country had gone to \"extreme\" lengths to avoid civilian casualties in Gaza, taking steps that no other country in the world had done.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Palestinians
Palestinians walk down a street in Gaza City in April before the recent fighting broke out<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"A
That same street, pictured hours after the ceasefire was declared<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

At a news conference on Friday Mr Netanyahu said that his country had \"exacted a heavy price from Hamas\".<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Not everything is known to the public yet, nor to Hamas, but the full range of achievements will be revealed over time,\" he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Top Hamas political leader Ismail Haniya, meanwhile, said the recent fighting \"defeated the illusions of negotiations\", describing resistance as the \"best strategic choice for liberation\".<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"We, as a movement and movement's leadership, with all our people and the good people of this nation and the world, will rebuild Gaza,\" he added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Broken
Broken mannequins lie on the floor outside a shop damaged by an Israeli air strike in Gaza City<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"The
Gaza City's al-Jalaa tower in ruins after an Israeli air strike<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"An
An Israeli man walks through his home in Sderot after it was hit by a rocket fired from Gaza<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"An
An oil storage facility in southern Israel burns after it was hit by rocket fire from Gaza<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Presidents and prime ministers worldwide have welcomed the ceasefire, brokered by Egypt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While some laid blame on one side or the other, leaders overwhelmingly called for a lasting political solution to the conflict.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Gaza-Israel conflict in pictures: 11 days of destruction","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"gaza-israel-conflict-in-pictures-11-days-of-destruction","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5300","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5288,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 21:24:32","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 21:24:32","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 21 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2021\/05\/21\/999302436\/the-bombing-has-stopped-but-pain-and-destruction-remain-in-gaza-city?t=1621804721967<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

After 11 days of fighting between Israel and Hamas, a cease-fire went into effect at 2 a.m. local time Friday. Gaza health officials say at least 240 people were killed there by waves of airstrikes from Israel. Twelve people died in Israel from more than 4,000 rockets fired by militants in Gaza, according to Israeli officials.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Friday was the first day that foreign journalists were allowed to enter the Gaza Strip since the fighting began.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In Gaza City, fully intact buildings stood right next to where others had been flattened. One building looked like a layer cake, with one story stacked on top of the other.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Families walked together in the streets, dressed-up in fancy clothes \u2014 holiday clothes for Eid, the Muslim festival that marks the end of Ramadan and started last week. Due to the war, people had not been able to visit friends and relatives during the holiday, so they celebrated it today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"We're finally leaving our houses. We're going out in the streets to celebrate this holiday, to visit our relatives. And we are seeing with our own eyes the pain and the destruction,\" said Tahani,a 30-year-old who was walking with her husband and three daughters. All wore matching pink outfits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Palestinians assess the damage in their home, hit by Israeli bombardment, in Gaza City on Friday after a cease-fire between Israel and Hamas.Mohammed Abed\/AFP via Getty Images<\/em><\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Al Wahida Street, Israeli airstrikes killed more than 40 people, according to Gaza health officials. A few buildings on the street collapsed, burying families alive. Israel says it was attacking a militant tunnel deep underground and that the buildings' foundations collapsed.Article continues after sponsor message<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The street is now a wall of rubble where apartments stood. A sofa lay crushed under a large piece of cement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who won this battle? Gazans say that they did.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a video-game shop, a young gamer named Hossam Ashour said that Hamas and Palestinians were defending Jerusalem, its Al-Aqsa Mosque and a neighborhood where Israel was set to evict Palestinians. Still, he said, Gazans don't deserve all this death and destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ashraf and four daughters dressed up for Eid holiday, celebrated a week late, in Gaza.Daniel Estrin\/NPR<\/em><\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

That destruction means a need for major rebuilding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hundreds of homes and businesses were damaged or destroyed. For now, Gazans are marking the rubble with signs that carry the name and phone number of the owner, so that they can be contacted when aid arrives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And there is the present danger of unexploded bombs. Also on Al Wahida Street, workers were removing two large unexploded missiles, under the watch of militants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fighting has stopped for now, but dangerous clearance work lies ahead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NPR's Daniel Estrin reported from Gaza City. NPR's Laurel Wamsley reported from Washington, D.C.<\/em><\/p>\n","post_title":"The Bombing Has Stopped, But Pain And Destruction Remain In Gaza City","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"the-bombing-has-stopped-but-pain-and-destruction-remain-in-gaza-city","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5288","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5276,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 21 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/news.un.org\/en\/story\/2021\/05\/1092482<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Speaking from Gaza, Matthias Schmale from the UN relief agency for Palestinians UNRWA, said that there was no \u201cgoing back to normal\u201d in the enclave, after more than 10 days of rocket fire and airstrike exchanges between the warring parties that have killed more than 250 people and injured thousands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cGoing back to normal life means having to watch very carefully where we are going; unexploded devices, we know that at least one school, one of our 278 schools, where we have established two deeply buried bombs, and we have alerted the Israeli authorities\u201d, he said. \u201cObviously we cannot just rush back into our buildings and schools, we have to make sure they\u2019re safe.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The senior UNRWA official also noted that the Kerem Shalom crossing was due to open for several hours on Friday but that for the duration of the clashes, it had not been possible to get people out for medical treatment, or aid reinforcements in.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mr. Schmale noted that UNRWA staff who are mainly residents of the region said that the violence had been \u201cworse in intensity and terror than 2014\u201d, before echoing the UN Secretary-General\u2019s call<\/a> for a meaningful political process to resolve the grievances of both Palestinians and Israelis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

War still looms<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNormality here also means 50 per cent employed and rising...I\u2019m convinced after being here two and a half years that we will be back in war unless underlying causes are not addressed; and from a Gaza perspective that means giving people and especially young people a dignified perspective of a dignified life\u201d, he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf you have your own money and take home your own money to buy food instead of depending on handouts from the UN\u201d, the top UN official added, \u201cyou\u2019re less likely to run into groupings like Hamas\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The UN Emergency Relief Coordinator, Mark Lowcock, allocated $4.5 million towards the cost of meeting rising needs across Gaza on Friday. The money comes from the Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF<\/a>), which is in addition to some $18 million allocated from the Occupied Palestinian Territory Humanitarian Fund, making for a total of $22.5 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is expected that an inter-agency Flash Appeal for the occupied Palestinian territory will be issued next week. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

UNICEF delivers aid containers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The UN Children\u2019s Fund, UNICEF<\/a>, delivered 18 containers of aid on Friday following the resumption of relative calm in the Gaza Strip, through the Kerem Shalom crossing, to support children and families in need.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Among the items delivered were first-aid kits, blood supply bags and solution, fire extinguishers, antibiotics and other infection-control kits, together with 10,000 doses of the Sinopharm\u00a0COVID-19<\/a>\u00a0vaccine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe are extremely thankful that a ceasefire agreement in the Gaza strip came into effect at 2am this morning, because the human toll there has been huge\u201d, said Lucia Elmi<\/a>, UNICEF Special Representative in Palestine. \u201cThis will allow families to have much-needed respite and allow for the delivery of much-needed humanitarian assistance and personnel to the Gaza Strip\u201d, she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

UN rights experts call for ICC probe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

UN independent human rights experts on Friday called on all parties<\/a> to the conflict in Gaza and Israel to respect the ceasefire, and urged an investigation by the International Criminal Court<\/a> (ICC) into the attacks on civilian populations and other \u201cgross violations of human rights\u201d, according to a statement released through the UN rights office (OHCHR<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts pointed to the forced evictions of Palestinian families living in Sheikh Jarrah and Silwan, in Occupied East Jerusalem, as the spark that set off a full-blown war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They said that at least 222 people, including 63 children, were killed in Gaza and 12 people died in Israel as a result of the fighting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More than 450 buildings in the Gaza Strip were completely destroyed or damaged by missiles, the statement continued. Among them were six hospitals, nine healthcare centres and a water desalination plant, supplying around 250,000 Palestinians with clean drinking water, as well as a tower which housed media outlets including the Al Jazeera network, and Associated Press (AP). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Asymmetry of power\u2019<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOwing to the vast asymmetry of power, the victims of this conflict are disproportionately Palestinians in Gaza, of whom over 74,000 have been forcibly displaced and made homeless, mostly women and children\u201d, the experts said. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe conflict has led to a new wave of unprecedented mass destruction of civilian homes and infrastructure, including electrical grids in Gaza, and indiscriminate or deliberate missile attacks on civilians and residential areas in Israel and Gaza, that violate not only international human rights standards, but amount as well to crimes under international law for which there is individual and State responsibility\u201d, the experts continued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts said that all \u201cindiscriminate or deliberate bombardment of civilians and towers housing civilians, media organizations and refugee camps in Gaza and Israel are war crimes that are, prima facie, not justified by the requirements of proportionality and necessity under international law. All parties who engage in such attacks must bear individual and State responsibility as appropriate.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Independent Special Rapporteurs, are appointed by the UN Human Rights Council<\/a> to monitor specific countries or thematic issues.\u202f They serve in their individual capacity and are not UN staff, nor are they paid by the Organization.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ceasefire can\u2019t hide scale of destruction in Gaza, UN warns, as rights experts call for ICC probe","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ceasefire-cant-hide-scale-of-destruction-in-gaza-un-warns-as-rights-experts-call-for-icc-probe","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5276","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5264,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wie selbst die mauretanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IBI World Frankreich \u2013 9. Mai 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endloser Sand. Wie in einem Albtraum. Eine Landschaft, in der kein Punkt unterschieden werden kann, um es mit Gedanken zu erfassen, keine richtige Richtung gibt. Es hei\u00dft Mauretanien und ist eines der \u00e4rmsten L\u00e4nder der Welt (157.), da hier fast zwei Drittel der Menschen von weniger als 5 US-Dollar pro Tag leben und noch nicht lesen und schreiben k\u00f6nnen[1]<\/a>. Man k\u00f6nnte denken, dass es eine Nation ist, die niemanden interessiert, deren Au\u00dfenpolitik sich darauf beschr\u00e4nkt, um Hilfe von reicheren L\u00e4ndern zu bitten und Konflikte zu vermeiden, die sowohl sozial als auch wirtschaftlich nicht \u00fcberlebbar w\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

\n

originally published:<\/em> 21 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-57205968<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

After 11 days of fighting, Israel and the Palestinian militant group Hamas have agreed to a ceasefire.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

At least 243 people, including more than 100 women and children, were killed in Gaza, according to its health ministry. Israel has said it killed at least 225 militants during the fighting. Hamas has not given casualty figures for fighters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In Israel 12 people, including two children, were killed, its medical service says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Both sides claim victory in the conflict. Now images are emerging of the damage done by Hamas rocket fire and Israeli strikes.https:\/\/flo.uri.sh\/visualisation\/6212484\/embed?auto=1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Israeli military says more than 4,300 rockets were fired towards its territory by militants through the conflict, and that it struck more than 1,000 militant targets in Gaza.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"A
A man looks at the damage done to his house in southern Israel by a rocket fired from Gaza<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"Damage
Rocket fire damaged cars and shops in Ramat Gan outside Tel Aviv<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said the country had gone to \"extreme\" lengths to avoid civilian casualties in Gaza, taking steps that no other country in the world had done.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Palestinians
Palestinians walk down a street in Gaza City in April before the recent fighting broke out<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"A
That same street, pictured hours after the ceasefire was declared<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

At a news conference on Friday Mr Netanyahu said that his country had \"exacted a heavy price from Hamas\".<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Not everything is known to the public yet, nor to Hamas, but the full range of achievements will be revealed over time,\" he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Top Hamas political leader Ismail Haniya, meanwhile, said the recent fighting \"defeated the illusions of negotiations\", describing resistance as the \"best strategic choice for liberation\".<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"We, as a movement and movement's leadership, with all our people and the good people of this nation and the world, will rebuild Gaza,\" he added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Broken
Broken mannequins lie on the floor outside a shop damaged by an Israeli air strike in Gaza City<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"The
Gaza City's al-Jalaa tower in ruins after an Israeli air strike<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"An
An Israeli man walks through his home in Sderot after it was hit by a rocket fired from Gaza<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"An
An oil storage facility in southern Israel burns after it was hit by rocket fire from Gaza<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Presidents and prime ministers worldwide have welcomed the ceasefire, brokered by Egypt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While some laid blame on one side or the other, leaders overwhelmingly called for a lasting political solution to the conflict.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Gaza-Israel conflict in pictures: 11 days of destruction","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"gaza-israel-conflict-in-pictures-11-days-of-destruction","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5300","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5288,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 21:24:32","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 21:24:32","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 21 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2021\/05\/21\/999302436\/the-bombing-has-stopped-but-pain-and-destruction-remain-in-gaza-city?t=1621804721967<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

After 11 days of fighting between Israel and Hamas, a cease-fire went into effect at 2 a.m. local time Friday. Gaza health officials say at least 240 people were killed there by waves of airstrikes from Israel. Twelve people died in Israel from more than 4,000 rockets fired by militants in Gaza, according to Israeli officials.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Friday was the first day that foreign journalists were allowed to enter the Gaza Strip since the fighting began.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In Gaza City, fully intact buildings stood right next to where others had been flattened. One building looked like a layer cake, with one story stacked on top of the other.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Families walked together in the streets, dressed-up in fancy clothes \u2014 holiday clothes for Eid, the Muslim festival that marks the end of Ramadan and started last week. Due to the war, people had not been able to visit friends and relatives during the holiday, so they celebrated it today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"We're finally leaving our houses. We're going out in the streets to celebrate this holiday, to visit our relatives. And we are seeing with our own eyes the pain and the destruction,\" said Tahani,a 30-year-old who was walking with her husband and three daughters. All wore matching pink outfits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Palestinians assess the damage in their home, hit by Israeli bombardment, in Gaza City on Friday after a cease-fire between Israel and Hamas.Mohammed Abed\/AFP via Getty Images<\/em><\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Al Wahida Street, Israeli airstrikes killed more than 40 people, according to Gaza health officials. A few buildings on the street collapsed, burying families alive. Israel says it was attacking a militant tunnel deep underground and that the buildings' foundations collapsed.Article continues after sponsor message<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The street is now a wall of rubble where apartments stood. A sofa lay crushed under a large piece of cement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who won this battle? Gazans say that they did.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a video-game shop, a young gamer named Hossam Ashour said that Hamas and Palestinians were defending Jerusalem, its Al-Aqsa Mosque and a neighborhood where Israel was set to evict Palestinians. Still, he said, Gazans don't deserve all this death and destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ashraf and four daughters dressed up for Eid holiday, celebrated a week late, in Gaza.Daniel Estrin\/NPR<\/em><\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

That destruction means a need for major rebuilding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hundreds of homes and businesses were damaged or destroyed. For now, Gazans are marking the rubble with signs that carry the name and phone number of the owner, so that they can be contacted when aid arrives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And there is the present danger of unexploded bombs. Also on Al Wahida Street, workers were removing two large unexploded missiles, under the watch of militants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fighting has stopped for now, but dangerous clearance work lies ahead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NPR's Daniel Estrin reported from Gaza City. NPR's Laurel Wamsley reported from Washington, D.C.<\/em><\/p>\n","post_title":"The Bombing Has Stopped, But Pain And Destruction Remain In Gaza City","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"the-bombing-has-stopped-but-pain-and-destruction-remain-in-gaza-city","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5288","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5276,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 21:14:24","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 21 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/news.un.org\/en\/story\/2021\/05\/1092482<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Speaking from Gaza, Matthias Schmale from the UN relief agency for Palestinians UNRWA, said that there was no \u201cgoing back to normal\u201d in the enclave, after more than 10 days of rocket fire and airstrike exchanges between the warring parties that have killed more than 250 people and injured thousands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cGoing back to normal life means having to watch very carefully where we are going; unexploded devices, we know that at least one school, one of our 278 schools, where we have established two deeply buried bombs, and we have alerted the Israeli authorities\u201d, he said. \u201cObviously we cannot just rush back into our buildings and schools, we have to make sure they\u2019re safe.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The senior UNRWA official also noted that the Kerem Shalom crossing was due to open for several hours on Friday but that for the duration of the clashes, it had not been possible to get people out for medical treatment, or aid reinforcements in.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mr. Schmale noted that UNRWA staff who are mainly residents of the region said that the violence had been \u201cworse in intensity and terror than 2014\u201d, before echoing the UN Secretary-General\u2019s call<\/a> for a meaningful political process to resolve the grievances of both Palestinians and Israelis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

War still looms<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNormality here also means 50 per cent employed and rising...I\u2019m convinced after being here two and a half years that we will be back in war unless underlying causes are not addressed; and from a Gaza perspective that means giving people and especially young people a dignified perspective of a dignified life\u201d, he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf you have your own money and take home your own money to buy food instead of depending on handouts from the UN\u201d, the top UN official added, \u201cyou\u2019re less likely to run into groupings like Hamas\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The UN Emergency Relief Coordinator, Mark Lowcock, allocated $4.5 million towards the cost of meeting rising needs across Gaza on Friday. The money comes from the Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF<\/a>), which is in addition to some $18 million allocated from the Occupied Palestinian Territory Humanitarian Fund, making for a total of $22.5 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is expected that an inter-agency Flash Appeal for the occupied Palestinian territory will be issued next week. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

UNICEF delivers aid containers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The UN Children\u2019s Fund, UNICEF<\/a>, delivered 18 containers of aid on Friday following the resumption of relative calm in the Gaza Strip, through the Kerem Shalom crossing, to support children and families in need.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Among the items delivered were first-aid kits, blood supply bags and solution, fire extinguishers, antibiotics and other infection-control kits, together with 10,000 doses of the Sinopharm\u00a0COVID-19<\/a>\u00a0vaccine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe are extremely thankful that a ceasefire agreement in the Gaza strip came into effect at 2am this morning, because the human toll there has been huge\u201d, said Lucia Elmi<\/a>, UNICEF Special Representative in Palestine. \u201cThis will allow families to have much-needed respite and allow for the delivery of much-needed humanitarian assistance and personnel to the Gaza Strip\u201d, she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

UN rights experts call for ICC probe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

UN independent human rights experts on Friday called on all parties<\/a> to the conflict in Gaza and Israel to respect the ceasefire, and urged an investigation by the International Criminal Court<\/a> (ICC) into the attacks on civilian populations and other \u201cgross violations of human rights\u201d, according to a statement released through the UN rights office (OHCHR<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts pointed to the forced evictions of Palestinian families living in Sheikh Jarrah and Silwan, in Occupied East Jerusalem, as the spark that set off a full-blown war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They said that at least 222 people, including 63 children, were killed in Gaza and 12 people died in Israel as a result of the fighting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More than 450 buildings in the Gaza Strip were completely destroyed or damaged by missiles, the statement continued. Among them were six hospitals, nine healthcare centres and a water desalination plant, supplying around 250,000 Palestinians with clean drinking water, as well as a tower which housed media outlets including the Al Jazeera network, and Associated Press (AP). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Asymmetry of power\u2019<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOwing to the vast asymmetry of power, the victims of this conflict are disproportionately Palestinians in Gaza, of whom over 74,000 have been forcibly displaced and made homeless, mostly women and children\u201d, the experts said. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe conflict has led to a new wave of unprecedented mass destruction of civilian homes and infrastructure, including electrical grids in Gaza, and indiscriminate or deliberate missile attacks on civilians and residential areas in Israel and Gaza, that violate not only international human rights standards, but amount as well to crimes under international law for which there is individual and State responsibility\u201d, the experts continued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts said that all \u201cindiscriminate or deliberate bombardment of civilians and towers housing civilians, media organizations and refugee camps in Gaza and Israel are war crimes that are, prima facie, not justified by the requirements of proportionality and necessity under international law. All parties who engage in such attacks must bear individual and State responsibility as appropriate.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Independent Special Rapporteurs, are appointed by the UN Human Rights Council<\/a> to monitor specific countries or thematic issues.\u202f They serve in their individual capacity and are not UN staff, nor are they paid by the Organization.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ceasefire can\u2019t hide scale of destruction in Gaza, UN warns, as rights experts call for ICC probe","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ceasefire-cant-hide-scale-of-destruction-in-gaza-un-warns-as-rights-experts-call-for-icc-probe","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5276","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5264,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 21:03:19","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wie selbst die mauretanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IBI World Frankreich \u2013 9. Mai 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endloser Sand. Wie in einem Albtraum. Eine Landschaft, in der kein Punkt unterschieden werden kann, um es mit Gedanken zu erfassen, keine richtige Richtung gibt. Es hei\u00dft Mauretanien und ist eines der \u00e4rmsten L\u00e4nder der Welt (157.), da hier fast zwei Drittel der Menschen von weniger als 5 US-Dollar pro Tag leben und noch nicht lesen und schreiben k\u00f6nnen[1]<\/a>. Man k\u00f6nnte denken, dass es eine Nation ist, die niemanden interessiert, deren Au\u00dfenpolitik sich darauf beschr\u00e4nkt, um Hilfe von reicheren L\u00e4ndern zu bitten und Konflikte zu vermeiden, die sowohl sozial als auch wirtschaftlich nicht \u00fcberlebbar w\u00e4ren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ist aber nicht so. In einer globalisierten Welt ist jedes St\u00fcck unersetzlich. Es ist schwer wahrzunehmen, aber die Ungleichgewichte, auf denen der schwache Faden zwischen Frieden und Krieg beruht, ber\u00fccksichtigen auch Mauretanien, ein Element des Friedens im Streit zwischen Marokko und dem Sahrawischen Volk, dass R\u00e4ume f\u00fcr die Aufnahme von Fl\u00fcchtlingen von verschiedenen Stammeskriegen in Westafrika garantiert, aber vor allem, was das Gleichgewicht im Kalten Krieg verschiebt, der im letzten Jahrzehnt den Persischen Golf in ein Pulverfass verwandelt hat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aber Mauretanien ist aufgrund seiner extremen Armut und Schw\u00e4che ein launischer und unsicherer internationaler Partner. Es ist ein Land, das weit hinter anderen afrikanischen L\u00e4ndern zur\u00fcckliegt, dem Schauplatz kontinuierlicher Staatsstreiche, deren Bev\u00f6lkerung noch keinen allgemeinen Zugang zu den Rechten hatte, die in Europa seit \u00fcber einem Jahrhundert unverzichtbar sind. Tats\u00e4chlich wurde hier 1981 die Sklaverei verboten, aber erst 2007 in Mauretanien wurde es zum Verbrechen, einen Mann in Ketten zu halten[2]<\/a>. Trotzdem sind heute noch \u00fcber 90.000 Menschen Sklaven[3]<\/a>. Bei einigen Verbrechen werden Sie, wenn Sie au\u00dferhalb der Stadt leben, immer noch durch Steinigung get\u00f6tet[4]<\/a>: wegen Abfall vom Glauben, wegen Gottesl\u00e4sterung, wegen Ehebruchs und wegen Homosexualit\u00e4t[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Handelsbilanz \u00fcberlebt dank Bodensch\u00e4tzen und Fischerei (zusammen 90% der Exporte), aber dies sind st\u00e4ndig schwankende M\u00e4rkte[6]<\/a>. Nur 1% des Territoriums ist Ackerland, daher muss man sich auf \u00d6l- und Erdgasfelder konzentrieren, die erst vor relativ kurzer Zeit entdeckt wurden[7]<\/a>. Die Milit\u00e4reliten machen Politik, niemand sonst kann ihre Stimmen erheben und protestieren, was Mauretanien (auch f\u00fcr ausl\u00e4ndische Investoren) verdammt instabil macht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlie\u00dflich ist es eine Nation, die an sich niemals existiert h\u00e4tte, wenn man die W\u00fcsten zusammengen\u00e4ht h\u00e4tte, die niemand von Marokko, Algerien, Senegal und Mali haben wollte. Ein riesiges Gebiet, doppelt so gro\u00df wie Spanien, in dem nur viereinhalb Millionen Menschen leben, die an die 755 km lange Atlantikk\u00fcste oder in die N\u00e4he des Senegal str\u00f6men, oder im S\u00fcden, wo die Monsune den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil des Jahres H\u00fcten und Gartenbau erm\u00f6glichen[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Offensichtlich gibt es unter solchen Bedingungen viele Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppen, die das Territorium betreffen, und sie sind Nomaden, und sie befinden sich im ewigen Kampf miteinander \u2013 wie die Berber und die Araber, die nach dem Fall des R\u00f6mischen Reiches hierher kamen, um die Bafours und die urspr\u00fcngliche Soninke zu schlachten[9]<\/a>. Wir sprechen von einer Zeit, in der die Sahara weniger als ein Drittel der heutigen war und noch voller Felder und Vieh war, aber in den folgenden Jahrhunderten ging die Verschlechterung der allgemeinen Bedingungen auch mit einer Zunahme interethnischer Rechtsstreitigkeiten einher. Das letzte gewinnbringende Gesch\u00e4ft war[10]<\/a>, Menschen zu versklaven und Geld zu verdienen, indem man es an europ\u00e4ische oder arabische Kaufleute verkaufte[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Wirbelwindkarussell der Macht\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Am 28. November 1960 proklamierte Pr\u00e4sident Moktar Ould Daddah die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Mauretaniens<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die franz\u00f6sische Kolonialisierung erfolgte sp\u00e4t (zweite H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts): Ab 1854 unterwarf General Louis Faidherbe fortschreitend alle Gebiete und verh\u00e4ngte 1904 das Protektorat[13]<\/a>, doch selbst dies stoppte nicht die Gewalt zwischen den St\u00e4mmen. 1958 wurde durch ein Referendum die Autonomie erlangt[14]<\/a>, und 1960 erlangte die Islamische Republik Mauretanien die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris ist gl\u00fccklich: Bis 1966 hielt es 3.000 Soldaten in Milit\u00e4rst\u00fctzpunkten in Mauretanien, aber bis 1974 verkaufte Frankreich Waffen und milit\u00e4rische Ausbildung an die Regierung von Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. Sobald die Franzosen den Waffenmarkt liberalisieren, finden alle zwei Jahre Staatsstreiche statt, bis zum milit\u00e4rischen Sieg von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, der es zwischen 1984 und 2003 schaffen wird, ein diktatorisch und gewaltt\u00e4tig Regime zusammenzuhalten \u2013 aber nach seiner Ermordung wird das Turnier wieder aufgenommen, bis Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2008 die Macht \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ab den 1970er Jahren trat jedoch ein neuer Schauspieler in der Region auf: das Sahrawische Volk, das sich aus St\u00e4mmen von Berbernomaden zusammensetzt, die, im Gegensatz zu den Dutzenden von in der Sahara verstreuten St\u00e4mme, sich als eine einzige ethnische Gruppe wahrnehmen und ein einziger Nationalstaat verlangen[16]<\/a> \u2013 und aus Gr\u00fcnden des geopolitischen Interesses k\u00e4mpft sie noch heute darum, ein Land zu erhalten[17]<\/a>, dass sie als ihr eigenes bezeichnen kann, auch weil das Land, das sie sich ihre Eigene nennen, im S\u00fcden Marokkos, sehr reich an Phosphaten ist und Rabat kein Absicht hat, es freizugeben[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Es war die Polisario-Front, die das Ende des ersten Pr\u00e4sidenten Mauretaniens erm\u00f6glichte und einen organisierten Krieg ausl\u00f6ste, der in der Bombardierung von Nouakchott gipfelte[19]<\/a>. Bis zum Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts nahm die Polisario-Front, der bewaffnete Arm des Sahrawischen Volkes, an allen B\u00fcrgerkriegen Mauretaniens teil, ausgehend von der Annahme, dass sie sich als Miteigent\u00fcmer der Nation f\u00fchlte[20]<\/a>. Erst in den letzten Jahren sind die Saharawis, die sich bewusst sind, dass ihre Behandlung in Mauretanien besser ist als die Verfolgung durch Marokkaner, zu einem Element der Stabilit\u00e4t im Land geworden[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der andere Moment der Stabilit\u00e4t kommt mit der Diktatur von Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, die den Mehrparteienismus einf\u00fchrt, aber in einer Situation, in der das pers\u00f6nliche Sekretariat des Pr\u00e4sidenten die Wahlgremien ausw\u00e4hlt, abweichende Presse verbietet und Staatsgeld als ihre eigenen verwendet, und tr\u00e4gt daher paradoxerweise viel zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Volksbewusstseins bei, das in den Protesten von 1994 und 1996 einen Ausweg findet[22]<\/a>, wenn der Diktator \u00f6ffentlich des Betrugs beschuldigt wird[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya widersetzte sich 2003 einem Attentat[24]<\/a>, gab jedoch 2005 der Meuterei des Milit\u00e4rrats f\u00fcr Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie (MCJD) unter der F\u00fchrung von Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (einem Vertrauensmann von Taya, der ihn 1987 zum Chef der Sicherheitskr\u00e4fte ernannt hatte) nach[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall bietet ermutigende Zeichen: Amnestie zugunsten von Gefangenen wegen politischer Verbrechen; zweij\u00e4hrige Frist f\u00fcr Wahlen; 2006 berief er ein allgemein anerkanntes Volksreferendum \u00fcber Verfassungsreformen ein, von denen eines die Beschr\u00e4nkung des Pr\u00e4sidenten auf zwei Amtszeiten war, die nicht l\u00e4nger als sechs Jahre, sondern f\u00fcnf Jahre dauern werden[27]<\/a>. Eine noch wichtigere Tatsache: W\u00e4hrend seiner Regierungszeit gelingt es Mohamed Valli, wichtige diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen und die bereits zuvor mit Israel bestehenden Beziehungen aufrechtzuerhalten[28]<\/a>. Mauretanien ist eines der wenigen muslimischen L\u00e4nder, die sich offen f\u00fcr Tel Aviv einsetzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Die Polisario-Front hat ihre Wurzeln in den 1970er Jahren, als sie gegr\u00fcndet wurde, um dem spanischen Kolonialismus entgegenzutreten<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Wahl der Fronten der internationalen Politik \u00fcberlebt auch die Tatsache, dass Vall 2007 die Wahlen verliert, die Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gewonnen hat[29]<\/a>: der erste demokratisch gew\u00e4hlte Pr\u00e4sident in Mauretanien, das ein Signal f\u00fcr einen gro\u00dfen Erfolg auf globaler Ebene ist: das National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, das an den Abstimmungsma\u00dfnahmen teilgenommen hat, schreibt in den Schlussfolgerungen seines Berichts, dass Mauretanien trotz seiner noch immer sehr fragilen Realit\u00e4t zum ersten Mal eine echte demokratische Konfrontation erlebt hat \u2013 ein Ereignis, das ein wichtiges historisches Wendepunkt darstellt[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Jahre von Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz vor dem Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast am 7. August 2008, einen Tag nach dem von ihm organisierten Putsch<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dies schafft ein Problem im Persischen Golf, wo der Stern von Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan auf dem Vormarsch ist und alle, die sich dem gro\u00dfen B\u00fcndnis widersetzen, gek\u00e4mpft werden. Deshalb werden Vall und sein Nachfolger Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi gleich als Feinden betrachtet, und zwar wegen der blo\u00dfen Tatsache, dass sie gute Beziehungen zur Muslimbruderschaft, zum Iran, zur T\u00fcrkei und zum Libanon unterhalten. Nach f\u00fcnfzehn Monaten setzt General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, ein Freund der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, den Pr\u00e4sidenten in einem Staatsstreich ab, macht demokratische Institutionen r\u00fcckg\u00e4ngig und verspricht eine \u00c4nderung der internationalen Politik[32]<\/a>. Ab 2009 wird der Hauptgegner des Regimes die Tewassoul-Partei sein, die eng mit ihren Muslimischen Br\u00fcderschaft verbunden ist[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im Dezember 1956 in Akjoujt geboren, einer kleinen Stadt im Westen Mauretaniens, die f\u00fcr ihre Kupfer- und Goldminen bekannt ist[34]<\/a>. Das \"wei\u00dfe\" Moor eines arabisch-berberischen Kriegerstammes, Oulad Bou Sbaa (w\u00f6rtlich \"Sohn der L\u00f6wen\")[35]<\/a>, verbringt den gr\u00f6\u00dften Teil seiner Kindheit im Senegal und tritt dann mit 20 Jahren in die Milit\u00e4rakademie von Meknes in Marokko ein. Zu jener Zeit war Rabat ein Verb\u00fcndeter Mauretaniens gegen die Saharawis. Er nimmt den muslimischen Namen Abdel Aziz an und erh\u00e4lt den Rang eines Leutnants der Infanterie. Zwischen 1981 und 1982 studierte er in Algerien und stieg dann weiter in die Armee auf[36]<\/a>. Ab dem 12. Dezember 1984 wurde er Adjutant des Pr\u00e4sidenten, Oberst Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, und erhielt die Gelegenheit, mehreren wichtigen Schulen zu folgen, bis er den Abschluss den Grad eines Kapit\u00e4ns erhielt[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 beauftragte Taya Ould Abdel Aziz mit der Organisation des Bataillon de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Pr\u00e9sidentielle (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, einer Milit\u00e4relite aus mindestens 500 M\u00e4nnern, die das Staatsoberhaupt sch\u00fctzen soll. Offiziell wird die Gruppe vom Verteidigungsministerium geleitet, in der Praxis nimmt sie jedoch Befehle direkt vom Pr\u00e4sidenten entgegen[39]<\/a>. 1991 war Abdel Aziz bereits Bataillonskommandeur im Generalstab der Armee und besuchte nach den hart umk\u00e4mpften Wahlen im Januar 1992, bei denen Taya zum Pr\u00e4sidenten gew\u00e4hlt wurde, die Schule des Generalstabs von Kenitra in Marokko, um 1994 das Amt als stellvertretender Kommandeur der Sechsten Milit\u00e4rregion zu erhalten[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Kapit\u00e4n wird f\u00fcr Sid'Ahmed Taya immer mehr zu einer unersetzlichen Referenz, insbesondere nachdem er den Putsch von 2003 vereitelt und die regierungsfeindlichen Verschw\u00f6rungen von 2003 und 2004 wirksam unterdr\u00fcckt[41]<\/a>. Daf\u00fcr wird er die Verdienstmedaille des Kommandanten des Nationalen Ordens und den Grad eines Obersten erhalten[42]<\/a>. Am 3. August 2005 erkl\u00e4rten Oberst Ould Abdel Aziz und Oberst Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (sein Cousin[43]<\/a>) den amtierenden Pr\u00e4sidenten auf einer Sitzung des Generalstabs der Armee f\u00fcr abgesetzt. Niemand protestiert, es werden keine Sch\u00fcsse abgegeben, niemand wird eingesperrt oder gefoltert[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz wurde im September 2007 zum Kommandeur des Generalstabs der Pr\u00e4sidentschaft der Republik ernannt. Im Januar 2008 gewann er den Rang eines Generals und erhielt die Best\u00e4tigung seiner F\u00fchrung in der BASEP. Zum ersten Mal trat er in die BASEP ein internationales Rampenlicht[45]<\/a>. Dazu traf er Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Verteidigungsminister der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate und einen Mann im Zentrum des Machtplans, an dem Dubai mit Riad und einigen Hauptst\u00e4dten des Persischen Golfs beteiligt ist, und zwar gegen den Iran, die T\u00fcrkei, Katar und die Muslimische Bruderschaft, die in Mauretanien auf der Seite der Demokratie steht und daher ein Hindernis f\u00fcr die Ziele von Ould Abdel Aziz darstellt[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Truppenbewachung, nachdem die Armee w\u00e4hrend des Staatsstreichs 2008 das Staatsradio besetzt hat<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die folgende Saison wird die H\u00f6lle sein: Die Versch\u00e4rfung der Terroranschl\u00e4ge durch Al-Qaida, die viel geringeren \u00d6leinnahmen als erwartet, ein starker Anstieg der Lebensmittelpreise, Schmuggel und der Korruption, die zunehmend au\u00dfer Kontrolle geraten, f\u00fchren zu Unzufriedenheit in der Bev\u00f6lkerung[48]<\/a>, Unruhen auf der Stra\u00dfe und Streitigkeiten in den Pal\u00e4sten der Politik, welche die gesamte politische Landschaft vergiften[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In diesem Klima k\u00fcndigt die Regierung, drei Tage nach dem dritten Jahrestag des Putsches von 2005, eine umfassende Umstrukturierung der Milit\u00e4r- und Sicherheitsapparate an: Ohne jede Erkl\u00e4rung l\u00e4sst Abdelhi Abdel Aziz als BASEP-Kommandeur Mohammed Ould Ghazouani als Armeechef, sein Mitarbeiter F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri als Stabschef der Nationalgarde und Ahmed Ould Bekrine als Stabschef der Nationalen Gendarmerie zur\u00fccktreten[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Reaktion der vier verdr\u00e4ngten Gener\u00e4le, unterst\u00fctzt von Oberst Mohammed Ould Hady, Generaldirektor f\u00fcr nationale Sicherheit, ist blitzschnell: Am Morgen des 6. August 2008 umzingeln die von General Abdel Aziz angef\u00fchrten Truppen der Pr\u00e4sidentengarde den Pr\u00e4sidentenpalast, das B\u00fcro des ersten Ministers, das B\u00fcro des Staatssenders und erkl\u00e4rt die Sperrung des Zugangs zum internationalen Flughafen[51]<\/a>; dann verhaften sie Pr\u00e4sident Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Premierminister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef und Innenminister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. Eine kurze Erkl\u00e4rung im Fernsehen k\u00fcndigt die \u00dcbertragung der Macht an eine Kommission an, die sich ausschlie\u00dflich aus hochrangigen Milit\u00e4rs zusammensetzt[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der Putsch wird fast \u00fcberall verurteilt: die Vereinigten Staaten, zusammen mit der Afrikanischen Union, fordern die Freilassung der inhaftierten mauretanischen F\u00fchrer; Die EU droht, die Entwicklungshilfe einzustellen. Die Verurteilung kommt auch von den regionalen M\u00e4chten S\u00fcdafrikas und Nigerias[54]<\/a>. Da man von der neuen Regierung keine zufriedenstellenden Antworten erh\u00e4lt, schafft die Welt Fakten: Die Vereinigten Staaten setzen die Zusch\u00fcsse der Millennium Challenge Corporation und Sicherheitshilfe aus; Die Afrikanische Union setzt den Beitritt zu Mauretanien aus und verl\u00e4ngert die Sanktionen; im April desselben Jahres stellt die Europ\u00e4ische Union unter franz\u00f6sischer F\u00fchrung ihre Hilfseins\u00e4tze f\u00fcr zwei Jahre ein; Auch die Entwicklungsprojekte der Weltbank und des Internationalen W\u00e4hrungsfonds werden eingestellt[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Der neue F\u00fchrer hat die Versprechen von Abu Dhabi in der Tasche und versucht, alle davon zu \u00fcberzeugen, dass er ein Demokrat ist, indem er sich f\u00fcr die n\u00e4chsten Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen bewirbt, die zu gegebener Zeit stattfinden wird, am 30. Mai 2009, mit einer m\u00f6glichen zweiten Runde, die vorl\u00e4ufig f\u00fcr den 13. Juni angesetzt ist[56]<\/a>. Die politische Reaktion ist hart: Ahmed Ould Daddah, Leiter der Versammlung der demokratischen Kr\u00e4fte (RFD), zu der die Islamische Bruderschaft und der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Abdullahi geh\u00f6ren, stellt die Rechtm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Kandidatur von Ould Abdel Aziz in Frage \u2013 die Verfassung verbietet die Kandidatur f\u00fcr das Milit\u00e4r \u2013 und droht mit Boykott die Wahlen\u2026 Abdel Aziz' Reaktion: Er tritt von s\u00e4mtliche Milit\u00e4rposten zur\u00fcck[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz und die Opposition geben dem internationalen Druck nach und vereinbaren in Dakar, die Wahlen auf den 18. Juli zu verschieben und w\u00e4hrend des \u00dcbergangs eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit zuzulassen, die 26 Ministerposten umfasst, die zwischen den Anh\u00e4ngern der Junta und der Opposition geteilt werden[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf wird dann zum Premierminister ernannt[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (links) und Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (rechts)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Von diesem Moment an tritt Abdel Aziz in den Wahlkampf ein und bereist die \u00e4rmsten und am st\u00e4rksten sozial benachteiligten Gebiete (er wird oft im Kebe, den Slums von Nouakchott, gesehen[60]<\/a>), um neue Schulen, Krankenh\u00e4user und Stra\u00dfen zu versprechen[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz gewinnt bereits in der ersten Runde und erh\u00e4lt 52,6% der Pr\u00e4ferenzen[62]<\/a>. Alles geschieht unter dem wachsamen Auge einer unabh\u00e4ngigen Kommission, die sich aus der Afrikanischen Union, der Arabischen Liga, der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie und der Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz zusammensetzt: Die Kommission wird die Betrugsvorw\u00fcrfe der Opposition zur\u00fcckweisen[63]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ergebnis der Wahlen hat die unmittelbare Folge der Wiederherstellung internationaler Abkommen: Die NATO nimmt ihre Sicherheitsprogramme mit Mauretanien wieder auf, die Europ\u00e4ische Union hebt die Sanktionen auf und nimmt ihre Hilfsprogramme wieder auf, und der IWF wird sich im September desselben Jahres auch den anderen anschlie\u00dfen[64]<\/a>. Der neue Pr\u00e4sident muss sich mit einer Mischung aus regionalen und lokalen gewaltt\u00e4tigen Extremisten auseinandersetzen, deren Zahl in den letzten Jahren stark angestiegen ist[65]<\/a>. Er treibt konstruktive politische Debatten zwischen den verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen an, richtet Sondergerichte ein und st\u00e4rkt die Sicherheit mit den Polizeikr\u00e4ften und gut ausgebildete Armee[66]<\/a>: eine Strategie, die einige Erfolge haben wird, insbesondere im Bereich der dschihadistischen Gewalt[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auch auf wirtschaftlicher Ebene scheint Abdel Aziz gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen \u2013 zumindest im Vergleich zu seinen Vorg\u00e4ngern, denen es gelungen ist, selbst gef\u00e4lschte makro\u00f6konomische Konten als negativ vorzulegen[68]<\/a>. Im v\u00f6lligen Bruch mit dem Taya-Management arbeitet er hart an ziemlich komplexen Reformen wie der Umstrukturierung des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Entwicklung (MAED)[69]<\/a>. Im Jahr 2013 wuchs die Wirtschaft um 6,3% und erreichte eine betr\u00e4chtliche Handelsbilanz[70]<\/a>, die sich bei den Pr\u00e4sidentschaftswahlen 2014 positiv auswirken wird. Dieser Wahlen wird er mit 81,89% der Stimmen zweifellos gewinnen[71]<\/a>. Im folgenden September richtete er ein Nationales Komitee zur Bek\u00e4mpfung von Korruption und Misswirtschaft (CNLCG) ein, um das Engagement gegen grassierende Korruption zu st\u00e4rken[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die soziale Frage bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ungel\u00f6st: Arbeitslosigkeit, weit verbreitete Armut, Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, die uralte Frage der Sklaverei, ein despotisches, autokratisches Management eines Mannes, der jede Institution umgeht, indem er sich in jeder Sektor seiner Allgegenwart aufdr\u00e4ngt... diese Aspekte machen dieses Land zu einem sehr weit entfernten Ort von einer modernen Demokratie[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Jahr 2017 rief Abdel Aziz, nachdem er die Unterst\u00fctzung des Parlaments f\u00fcr weitere Reformen nicht erhalten hatte, ein Referendum auf. Die \u00c4nderungen sind wichtig: Der High Court of Justice, der Islamic High Council und der Ombudsmann der Republik w\u00fcrden in eine einzige Institution, den Obersten Rat der Fatwa, integriert \u2013 eine sensationelle Neuheit, die die Kontrolle der Justiz in die H\u00e4nde der islamischen Religion legt[74]<\/a>. Trotz der Versuche der Opposition zum Boykott ist das Referendum ein Erfolg: eine Wahlbeteiligung von 53,73%, ein Sieg f\u00fcr den JA mit 85% der Stimmen[75]<\/a>. 2019 nominiert er nicht erneut und akzeptiert damit die gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzen, aber der von ihm gesponserte Mann, der fr\u00fchere Verteidigungsminister Ould Ghazouani, wird mit 52% der Stimmen neuer Pr\u00e4sident, was die Kontinuit\u00e4t des Regimes gew\u00e4hrleistet[76]<\/a>: er und Abdel Aziz kennen sich seit dem sie gemeinsam die Akademie in Meknes besuchten und sind die besten Freunde des anderen[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Ende der Abdel Aziz-\u00c4ra<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Die Abstimmungsergebnisse des Verfassungsreferendums vom August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zun\u00e4chst sieht jeder den neuen Pr\u00e4sidenten als Marionette. Abdel Aziz ist derjenige, der die Kontrolle \u00fcber die internationalen Beziehungen und damit \u00fcber die Geldb\u00f6rsen hat[78]<\/a>. Seine Verb\u00fcndeten am Persischen Golf sind ihm treu, aber im Gegenzug muss sich Ould Abdel Aziz auf unbequeme Fronten wie die Libyens festlegen, wo er auf der Seite der Gegner der Europ\u00e4ischen Union und der meisten afrikanischen Staaten steht[79]<\/a>. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer unerwarteten Reaktion von Pr\u00e4sident Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, der im Sommer 2020 eine pl\u00f6tzliche Regierungsumbildung ank\u00fcndigt, indem er Ould Abdel Aziz, der Premierminister wurde, angesichts der Ergebnisse eines Berichts der parlamentarischen Untersuchungskommission (PIC)[80]<\/a>, die f\u00fcr die Aufkl\u00e4rung der Zeit der Aziz-Regierung zust\u00e4ndig ist, ihn aus seinem Posten als Ministerpr\u00e4sidenten verdr\u00e4ngt[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In dem 800-seitigen Bericht, in dem Ould Abdel Aziz beschuldigt wird, mehrere illegale Operationen durchgef\u00fchrt zu haben[82]<\/a>, wird von Verst\u00f6\u00dfen gegen die Beschaffung von 109 Projekten im Wert von 1,4 Milliarden Dollar gesprochen, beispielsweise \u00fcber die personalistische Verwaltung der \u00d6leinnahmen und den Verkauf des Staates Immobilien in Nouakchott, die Aktivit\u00e4ten des chinesischen Fischereiunternehmens Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a> und die Liquidation eines staatlichen Unternehmens, das landesweit Lebensmittel liefert[84]<\/a>. Neben dem ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten sind zahlreiche Beamte an den Verbrechen beteiligt, die nach Anh\u00f6rung der Ermittler die Anschuldigungen zugeben und erkl\u00e4ren, dass sie gem\u00e4\u00df den Anweisungen von Ould Abdel Aziz gehandelt haben[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz mit seinem Sohn Bedrn, Inhaber der Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\", die wegen \u00f6ffentlicher Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht wird<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die Gest\u00e4ndnisse des Angeklagten l\u00f6sen eine Apokalypse aus: die P\u00e4sse des ehemaligen Premierministers Yaya Ould Hademine, des ehemaligen Generalverwalters der Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Industrielle et Miniere (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 eines staatlichen Unternehmens \u2013 und des ehemaligen Ministers von Urbanisierung und derzeitiger Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der nationalen Fluggesellschaften Mauritanie Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud werden beschlagnahmt[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Einige Tage sp\u00e4ter, am 17. August, wird der fr\u00fchere Pr\u00e4sident Ould Abdel Aziz wegen Korruption und Aneignung \u00f6ffentlicher Mittel festgenommen[87]<\/a> und gegen Kaution freigelassen, obwohl sein Pass weiterhin beschlagnahmt bleibt[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, Sohn des ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, wird ebenfalls wegen Geldw\u00e4sche untersucht: und die Stiftung \"Rahma de Bienfaisance\" werden verd\u00e4chtigt, \u00f6ffentliche Gelder f\u00fcr private Zwecke zu verwenden, was zur Beschlagnahme von ihre Verm\u00f6genswerte f\u00fchrt, einschlie\u00dflich der zur Stiftung geh\u00f6renden Lastwagen[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im Dezember muss Ould Abdel Aziz die F\u00fchrung der von ihm gegr\u00fcndeten Partei, der Union f\u00fcr die Republik, aufgeben[90]<\/a>. Er beh\u00e4lt sich Feuerworte f\u00fcr El Ghazouani und seine Regierung vor und beschwert sich dar\u00fcber, dass er das Opfer einer \"Abrechnung alter Rechnungen\"[91]<\/a> ist und dass \"die Korrupten dank eines sanften Staatsstreichs an die Macht zur\u00fcckgekehrt sind[92]<\/a> und sich heute als Korruptionsk\u00e4mpfer pr\u00e4sentieren\"[93]<\/a>: Die f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4sidentschaft zugewiesenen staatlichen Mittel stiegen mit Ghazouani um 88% und die dem Parlament zugewiesenen um 30%, so dass jeder Abgeordnete 250.000 Ouguiya (ca. 6.000 Euro) pro Jahr erhielt, um die Thesen der Untersuchungskommission anzunehmen[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Im M\u00e4rz dieses Jahres beantragte Generalstaatsanwalt Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> erneut die vorbeugende Inhaftierung von Ould Abdel Aziz, von zwei ehemaligen Premierministern, f\u00fcnf ehemaligen Regierungsministern und vier Gesch\u00e4ftsleuten[96]<\/a>. Die Nachrichtenagentur AFP berichtet, dass die Vorw\u00fcrfe gegen den ehemaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten zahlreich sind und Geldw\u00e4sche, Unterschlagung und Behinderung der Justiz umfassen[97]<\/a>. Der Grund: Der Prozess r\u00fcckt n\u00e4her \u2013 zum Zeitpunkt dieses Schreibens befindet sich Ould Abdel Aziz frei auf Bew\u00e4hrung und ist verpflichtet, sich dreimal pro Woche bei der Polizei zu melden[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inzwischen hat der neue Pr\u00e4sident begonnen, sich mit der Au\u00dfenpolitik seines Landes zu befassen. Die erste Entscheidung bestand darin, die ausschlie\u00dflichen Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten und Saudi-Arabien zu brechen und Unterst\u00fctzung und Rat innerhalb der Europ\u00e4ischen Union, der Afrikanischen Union und der Vereinten Nationen einzuholen[99]<\/a>, um ein Projekt zur \u00d6ffnung Mauretaniens zu starten \u2013 eine Wette, die wir uns w\u00fcnschen, dass er gewinnt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauretanien, ein fragiles Land mit ungewisser Zukunft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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In \u00fcber 50% der D\u00f6rfer wird Trinkwasser immer noch einmal pro Woche von internationalen NGOs gebracht<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laut der \"Cadre Harmonis\u00e9\"-Analyse vom M\u00e4rz 2021 werden in Mauretanien im Zeitraum M\u00e4rz-Mai 2021 sch\u00e4tzungsweise 196.000 Menschen Nahrungsmittelhilfe ben\u00f6tigen, w\u00e4hrend der Trockenzeit (Juni-August 2021)[100]<\/a> sind es vermutlich 457.000. Das Fortbestehen ziviler Konflikte in Mali hat auch dazu gef\u00fchrt, dass eine gro\u00dfe Anzahl von Fl\u00fcchtlingen nach Mauretanien eingedrungen ist: Laut dem Hohen Fl\u00fcchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR) gibt es derzeit \u00fcber 70.500 Vertriebene im Land, die durstig und hungrig sind[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die neue Pr\u00e4sidentschaft hatte dank eines schwachen Wirtschaftswachstums einige Hoffnung mit sich gebracht, aber die Pandemie verursachte in nur einem Jahr einen R\u00fcckgang um 2,2%, und die Lage verschlechterte sich, da das Handelsdefizit seit 8% auf rund 11% des BIP gestiegen ist[102]<\/a>. Die zahlreichen Reformen in einigen Sektoren wie der Landwirtschaft und im Unternehmenssektor, wie die Steigerung der Produktion im Rohstoffsektor nach dem Ausbau der Goldminen, k\u00f6nnten dazu beitragen, eine wirklich schwierige Situation abzumildern[103]<\/a>, aber alles h\u00e4ngt von zu vielen Variablen ab, die ihrer Natur nach unvorhersehbar und unsicher sind, wie D\u00fcrre, politische Probleme, soziale Konflikte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All dies stellt eine vergiftete Mischung dar, die Mauretanien zu einem Land macht, das in hohem Ma\u00dfe von humanit\u00e4rer Hilfe und ausl\u00e4ndischer Finanzierung abh\u00e4ngig ist: Laut dem Financial Tracking Service profitierte das Land 2020 von Spenden verschiedener internationaler Organisationen (einschlie\u00dflich IWF, ADB, EU und Welt) Bank) f\u00fcr fast 76 Mio. USD[104]<\/a> \u2013 oder 4,5% des BIP[105]<\/a>. Im Bereich der Menschenrechte, Episoden von Gewalt durch Staatsbeamte, willk\u00fcrlichen Verhaftungen, Folter, Misshandlung, unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen, sexuellem Missbrauch, schwerwiegenden Einschr\u00e4nkungen der Meinungs-, Religions-, Versammlungs- oder Vereinigungsfreiheit sowie der schrecklichen Sklaverei sind immer noch best\u00e4ndige Aspekte[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doch in 18 Monaten hat diese Ameise das Gleichgewicht im Streit innerhalb der arabischen Welt verschoben \u2013 in Richtung Frieden. Oft w\u00fcrde es so wenig notwendig sein, um Probleme anzugehen und zu l\u00f6sen, die so immens erscheinen. Einem neuen Mauretanien Vertrauen und St\u00e4rke zu verleihen, erfordert nicht viel \u2013 weniger als das Engagement, das zur Unterst\u00fctzung des bewaffneten Friedens im Nahen Osten erforderlich ist. Ein paar Millionen gut investierte Dollar und freie M\u00e4nner und Frauen k\u00f6nnten aus der W\u00fcste gedeihen \u2013 aus Sklaverei, Gewalt, Hunger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


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[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Wie selbst die mauritanische Ameise das Gleichgewicht der Welt ver\u00e4ndern kann","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"wie-selbst-die-mauritanische-ameise-das-gleichgewicht-der-welt-veraendern-kann","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5264","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5204,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 18:00:00","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 01 September 2011<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/bleacherreport.com\/articles\/830721-manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester United<\/a> today announce record profits of over \u00a3100 million\u2014only I am told that they don't.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The headline that will no doubt be splashed across the worlds media is about a massive profit but that is something that only exists if you ignore such trivialities as debt costs and player amortisation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, you can't ignore these costs to the business because they exist and are real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once you dig down, it seems that Manchester United made a profit of \u00a310 million and that was reliant on a swanky foreign exchange gain of \u00a316 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In simple terms, United made a loss of \u00a36 million without that foreign exchange gain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the problems with financial statements from Manchester United is that everyone accepts that they hide many ills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where is the PIK debt that has never appeared on Manchester United's balance sheet as it was Glazer debt and not United debt? And of course we all know that in the end it will be United's funds that will repay that debt of over \u00a3200 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then there is talk of all the new and improved revenue streams on the commercial side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The boys are back in town...Alex Livesey\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no doubt that the Glazers are masters of generating income. In fact, if they weren't, they and United would likely be insolvent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the outside it seems that year on year the Glazers come up with new and inventive ways of hiding the problems that they have created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From bond issues, PIK notes, final club ownership resting in Delaware and IPO's in Singapore there is no end to the shenanigans that these chaps get up to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The brand is being permanently pumped for more revenue but perhaps at the risk of it losing its lustre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All of the Glazers' dealings though are fine and dandy as far as UEFA are concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact Michel Platini, the father of Financial Fair Play,<\/a> says this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fair play ruling does not \u00adforesee any measures \u00adbeing taken against clubs who have enormous debts such as Man United or Barcelona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat doesn\u2019t worry me, if those clubs can \u00adrepay what they owe.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So in simple terms, United are debt ridden, but that's OK. They turn a profit, but that doesn't really exist. The club is owned by the Glazers, but nobody can actually prove that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And all of that is fine as far as UEFA and Platini are concerned. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over in Manchester, there is a club that is owned by an extremely wealthy man who happens to be a member of possibly the wealthiest family on the planet. Sheikh Mansour is a member of the Abu Dhabi royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City<\/a> is nominally a private investment by Sheikh Mansour, but in all likelihood the wider Abu Dhabi government and royal family are invested in it as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am reliably informed that the funding streams that Manchester City can call on run to about $1 trillion \u2014or to make the point as clear as possible, $1,000,000,000,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company that owns Manchester City is registered in the UK and files UK results to Companies House. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City have no debt and pay no interest to any outside company. They do this because their owner is spending his own money and uses debt\/equity swaps to make sure the club owes him nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as not having debt, Sheikh Mansour has invested in the club's infrastructure, improving every aspect of it from the stadium through to the club shop, from the quality of the food on offer to the fantastic website<\/a> that City fans enjoy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Platini.\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Platini.Ian Walton\/Getty Images<\/em><\/small><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the club develops further there is major investment in the community of Manchester (something that United do pitifully little work in) and a new training centre close to the newly named Etihad Stadium which will form part of the Etihad Campus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And again I make the point that once all of these developments and improvements have been made, Manchester City as a football club will have zero debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no end point for Sheikh Mansour because it is a long term plan to make Manchester City the best club in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The image of City is important. The club has to be community based, charitable and has a social conscience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It actually costs City money to provide City in the Community<\/a> (CITC) with people and venues as well as direct cash funding of course. And that, in the end comes from the club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So when City sign a massive sponsorship deal, the world is aghast and questions are asked about how that could be fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

City's owner and his family have significant investments in each and every one of the Dow Jones, Footsie and Dax top 100 companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can such wealthy and well-connected people not have a link to sponsors and of course companies who want to cozy up to Abu Dhabi royals will want to pay well to dine at that table as well?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the price is one based on the highest quality. Being associated with City is and will be special perhaps unlike United where, for example DHL are apparently happy paying millions of pounds to be the official domestic training kit provider. That brand begins to lose its lustre a bit more there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The best example of how the two brands are promoted and indeed why City and United will be unlikely to fight over the same sponsors can be seen on the clubs websites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is United's http:\/\/www.manutd.com.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is City's http:\/\/www.mcfc.co.uk.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apart from personal preference for design, it is clear that City's lacks something that United's has in spades: Adverts.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Manchester City or Manchester United: Which Financial Model Would You Prefer?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"manchester-city-or-manchester-united-which-financial-model-would-you-prefer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5204","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":42},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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